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Biology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

True breeding

A

An organism that always passes a certain characteristic on to its offspring

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2
Q

Allele

A

One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

Genotype

A

Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possess for a certain trait

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable expression of an organism’s genes

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5
Q

Homozygous genotype

A

A genotype in which both alleles are identical

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6
Q

Heterozygous genotype

A

A genotype with two different alleles

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7
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype

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8
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous for that allele

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9
Q

Testcross

A

Breeding an organism displaying the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive organism

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10
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations

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11
Q

Monohybrid

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

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12
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two individual, concentrating on two definable traits

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13
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual

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14
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

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15
Q

Carrier

A

Heterozygotes (individuals with one copy of an allele) for a recessive trait but do not exhibit the trait

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16
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes

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17
Q

Codominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which heterozygotes express the distinct phenotypes of both alleles

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18
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that when introduced into the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

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19
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins in your immune system used to attack specific antigens

20
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome

21
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosome

22
Q

Gene mutation

A

A radical change in the DNA of one or more alleles

23
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Changes in the chromosome structure in which a chromosome loses or gains genes during meiosis

24
Q

Nondisjunction

A

A situation in which abnormal cellular events in meiosis lead to either none of a particular chromosome in the gamete or more than one chromosome in the gamete

25
Q

Genome

A

A complete set of an organism’s genetic information encoded in its DNA

26
Q

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

A

Short sequences of DNA (usually 2 to 6 base pairs long) that are repeated numerous times at various locations in the noncoding region of a chromosome

27
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

An enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA only at a specific sequence of nucleotides

28
Q

Plasmid

A

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code

29
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Taking DNA from two different species and combining them in one cell

30
Q

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

An organism that has been genetically altered by humans

31
Q

Transgenic organism

A

An organism that carries one or more genes from a different species

32
Q

What are Mendel’s principles of genetics?

A
  1. The traits of an organism are determined by its genes. Each gene has alternate forms called alleles.
  2. Each organism has two alleles that make up the genotype for a given trait. If the tow alleles are the same, the organism is homozygous for that trait. If the two alleles are different, the organism is heterozygous for the trait.
  3. In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes only ONE of its alleles to its offspring. The separation of alleles in parents occurs during meiosis—the forming of gametes. This is known as Mendel’s law of segregation. The union of gametes during fertilization reunites allele pairs in offspring.
  4. In each phenotype, there is one dominant allele. If it exists in an organism, the phenotype is determined by that allele.
33
Q

What process causes gametes to have only one allele instead of two alleles for each trait like other human cells?

A

Meiosis separates the two alleles

34
Q

Explain the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

A

The law of segregation states that each parent contributes only one of its two alleles to its offspring—half the parent’s gametes carry one allele and half carry the other. The law of independent assortment states that alleles for different traits assort independently of one another during gamete formation

35
Q

A person carries a genetic disorder but does not have the disorder. How is that possible?

A

The genetic disorder must be recessive

36
Q

Do sex-linked genetic disorders affect men and women the same? If not, which sex is affected more and why?

A

No. Sex-linked disorders affects men more frequently than women because they have only one X chromosome and so need only one allele to display the phenotype

37
Q

Two individuals have the exact same genotype for a certain trait, but they are not identical when it comes to that trait. How is this possible?

A

Because while the genetics are the same, the environmental and spiritual factors were probably different

38
Q

If a person has type B- blood, what are the possible genotypes for that person? Include the possible genotypes related both to the type of blood as well as the Rh factor.

A

Since the person is type B, the genotype must be either BB or BO. For the Rh-factor, the person expresses the recessive allele. Thus, the person’s genotype must be homozygous for the recessive allele, which we designate - -.

39
Q

What term do we use to refer to genetic traits that are governed by more than one set of genes?

A

Polygenic inheritance

40
Q

What is PCR? Give an example of its use.

A

PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It is used to make many exact copies of a segment of DNA without the use of cells. It is often used to clone small pieces of DNA from crime scenes so further analysis and comparisons are possible

41
Q

During gel electrophoresis, do larger or smaller molecules move faster?

A

Smaller since they can move more easily. This causes them to move farther than larger molecules

42
Q

What is the point of the sticky ends?

A

They allow complementary base pairing to occur between the original DNA fragment and a fragment from another source.

43
Q

What is the new DNA molecule called after it receives the cut DNA from another DNA molecule?

A

Recombinant DNA

44
Q

Why are there different DNA fragment lengths (shorter lengths traveling farther than longer lengths) for the victim, sample, and each subject in a gel electrophoresis?

A

Restriction enzymes cut each person’s DNA at a specific recognition site. Each person will have a different number of nucleotides between recognition sites making different length fragments

45
Q

What is a plasmid and how is it used as a tool in genetic engineering?

A

It is a small circular DNA molecule in bacteria. It is used to carry genes in genetic engineering

Biology (18 decks)

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