module 7 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
human movement system
A
combination of interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
2
Q
nervous system
A
communication network within the human body
3
Q
sensory function
A
ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
4
Q
integrative function
A
ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce the appropriate response
5
Q
motor function
A
neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation
6
Q
proprioception
A
cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement
7
Q
neuron
A
functional unit of the nervous system
8
Q
sensory (afferent) neurons
A
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
9
Q
interneurons
A
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
10
Q
motor (efferent) neurons
A
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
11
Q
central nervous system
A
portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
12
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
13
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
14
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
15
Q
muscle spindles
A
mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
16
Q
golgi tendon organs
A
mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
17
Q
joint receptors
A
mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
18
Q
skeletal system
A
body’s framework; composed of bones and joints
19
Q
bones
A
structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
20
Q
joints
A
junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur
21
Q
axial skeleton
A
portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
22
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
23
Q
remodeling
A
process of resorption and formation on bone
24
Q
osteoclasts
A
type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption)
25
osteoblasts
type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
26
epiphysis
end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth
27
diaphysis
shaft portion of a long bone
28
epiphyseal plate
region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate
29
periosteum
dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surface in joints
30
medullar cavity
central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
31
articular (hyaline) cartilage
cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones
32
depressions
flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites
33
processes
projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
34
vertebral column
a series of irregular shaped boned called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
35
arthrokinematics
joint motion
36
synovial joints
joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments that are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints
37
non-synovial joints
joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage
38
ligaments
fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
39
muscular system
series of muscles that move the skeleton
40
epimysium
a layer of connective tissue that is underneath a fascia and surrounds the muscle
41
perimysium
connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
42
endomysium
deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
43
tendons
connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
44
sarcomere
functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments
45
neural activation
contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
46
motor unit
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it connects to
47
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
48
cardiorespiratory system
system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory system
49
cardiovascular system
system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
50
heart
hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction
51
mediastinum
space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs
52
sinoatrial (SA) node
specialized area of cardiacs tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker of the heart
53
atrioventricular (AV) node
small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart; that receives heart beat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles
54
atrium
the superior chambers of the heart the receive blood from the veins and force it into the ventricles
55
ventricle
inferior chambers of the heart the receive blood fro the corresponding atrium and force it into the arteries
56
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
57
heart rate (HR)
rate at which the heart pumps; measured in beats per minute (bpm)
58
cardiac output (Q)
heart rate x stroke volume; the overall performance of the heart
59
blood
fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also rids the body of waste products
60
blood vessels
network of hollow tubes that circulate blood throughout the body
61
arteries
vessels that transport blood away from the heart
62
capillaries
smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and body tissues
63
veins
vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart
64
arterioles
small terminal branches of the artery which end in capillaries
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venules
smaller veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins
66
respiratory system
system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collect oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream
67
respiratory pump
composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration
68
inspiration
process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the boy
69
expiration
process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body
70
diffusion
process of getting oxygen form the environment to the tissues of the body
71
maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion
72
bioenergetics
study of energy in the human body
73
metabolism
all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and discoed of by the body
74
exercise metabolism
examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiological changes and demands placed on the body during exercise
75
substrates
material or substance on which an enzyme acts
76
carbohydrates
organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All carbs are eventually broken down in to the body to glucose, a simple sugar
77
glucose
simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbs, fat and to a lesser extent protein; it serves as the body's main source of fuel
78
glycogen
complex carb molecule used to store carbs in the liver and muscle cells. when energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells
79
fat
one of the 3 main classes of foods and sources of energy in the body. helps the body sue some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. serve as energy stores for the body. in food, there are two types, saturated and unsaturated
80
triglycerides
chemical, or substrate, form in which most fats exist in food as well as in the body
81
protein
amino acids linked by peptide bonds which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biological compounds
82
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from non-carb sources such as amino acids
83
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body
84
adenosine diphosphate
high energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed
85
B-oxidation
B(beta)- breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits, called free fatty acids (FFAs), to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP
86
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
state in which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise
87
biomechanics
science conceded with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
88
superior
positioned above a point of reference
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interior
positioned below a point of reference
90
proximal
positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference
91
distal
positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference
92
anterior
on the front of the body
93
posterior
on the back of the body
94
medial
positioned near the middle of the body
95
lateral
positioned toward the outside of the body
96
contralateral
positioned on the opposite side of the body
97
ipsilateral
positioned on the same side of the body
98
anatomic position
the position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. it is the base for all anatomic terminology
99
sagittal plane
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
100
flexion
bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
101
extension
straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
102
hyperextension
extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
103
frontal plane
imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
104
abduction
movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
105
adduction
movement of the frontal plane toward the midline of the body
106
transverse plane
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
107
internal rotation
rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
108
external rotation
rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
109
horizontal abduction
movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
110
horizontal adduction
movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane form the lateral position to an anterior one
111
scapular retraction
adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
112
scapular protraction
abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline
113
scapular depression
downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae
114
scapular elevation
upward (superior) movement of the scapulae
115
eccentric muscle action
when a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force
116
concentric muscle action
when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle
117
isometric muscle action
when a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length
118
isokinetic muscle action
when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
119
force
an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
120
length-tension relationship
resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
121
force-couple
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
122
rotary motion
movement of the bones around the joints
123
torque
a force that produces rotation. common unit of torque is the newton-meter, or Nm
124
motor behavior
motor response to internal and external stimuli
125
motor control
how the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
126
motor learning
integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
127
motor development
the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
128
muscle synergies
groups of muscles are recruited by the CNS to provide movement
129
proprioception
cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement
130
sensorimotor integration
cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
131
feedback
the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
132
internal feedback
process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
133
external feedback
information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment
