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BSNC 1000 > Module 7: Cognition > Flashcards

Module 7: Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Define cognition

A

Mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the sense

  • Usually, refer to all processes involved in human thought
  • Related to reception of sensory input, its processing, its storage, its retrieval, and its use
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2
Q

What are the 6 domains of cognitive function?

A
  1. Perceptual motor function
  2. Language
  3. Learning and memory
  4. Social cognition
  5. Complex attention
  6. Executive function
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3
Q

Perceptual Motor Function (1/6 Domain)

A

Interpretation of the environment and is dependent on the acuity of sensory input

  • difficulty in using familiar technology, tools, or kitchen appliances
  • getting lost in familiar environment
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4
Q

Perceptual Motor - Example of Deficits

A
  • trouble with previous familiar activities, trouble navigating familiar environments, trouble with spatial tasks
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5
Q

Language (1/6 Domain)

A

Expressive language - Auditory association areas; posterior superior temporoparietal supramarginal gyrus
Receptive language - Lateral inferior posterior frontal lobes

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6
Q

Language - Example of Deficits

A
  • using general phases (“that thing on your foot”) rather than the name of an object (“shoe”), trouble with names of family members, grammatical errors
  • difficulty finding the correct words
  • using general pronouns instead of names
  • mispronunciation of words problems with understanding written or verbal communication
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7
Q

Learning and Memory (1/6 Domain)

A
  • forgetting to buy items or buying the same item multiple times
  • repetition in conversations
  • difficulty in recalling recent events
  • relying on lists of tasks to complete
  • forgetting to pay bills
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8
Q

Learning and Memory - Example of Deficits

A
  • repeats self in conversation, can’t keep a shopping list, requires frequent reminders
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9
Q

Social Cognition (1/6 Domain)

A
  • apathy, increase inappropriate behaviours, loss of empathy and impaired judgment
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10
Q

Social Cognition - Example of Deficits

A

Behaviour out of acceptable social range, insensitivity to social standards, makes decisions without regard to safety

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11
Q

Executive function (1/6 Domain)

A

The higher thinking processes allow for flexibility, adaptability, and goal-directedness

  • higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem-solving
  • determines the contents of consciousness, supervises voluntary activity, and is future-oriented
  • involves frontal lobes
  • regulates primitive impulses through many connections within the cerebrum
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12
Q

Executive Function - Example of Impaired

A
  • Preparing a meal
  • difficulty in completely previously familiar multi-step tasks, such as preparing a meal- no longer wanting to participate in activities
  • difficulty in completing or tasks because easy distractibility
  • social outing become more taxing and less enjoyable
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13
Q

Complex Attention (1/6 Domain)

A
  • Normal, routine tasks take longer.
  • Difficulty completing tasks when multiple stimuli present
  • Difficulty in maintaining information while completing task
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14
Q

Complex Attention- Example Deficits

A
  • Difficulty with multiple stimuli, easily distracted, unable to perform mental calculations
  • Walking down a flight of stairs with a laundry basket
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15
Q

Memory

A
  • Retention and recall of past experiences and learning. Series of different subsystems, each of which has a unique localization in the brain
  • Related is visuospatial cognition, which is the capacity to comprehend, retain, and use visual representations and their spacial relationships
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16
Q

Declarative semantic memory (subsystems)

A

Refers to the ability to consciously learn and recall information. Provides for long-term storage of large amounts of info

  • Memory of knowledge, words and facts
  • Temporoparrietal Assocation Cortices
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17
Q

Declarative episodic memory (subsystems)

A

Information related to specific events

  • Hippocampus, medial thalamus
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18
Q

Immediate memory “attention span” (subsystems)

A
  • allows memory of very small amounts of information, such as a series of 6 or 7 digits, for a very short time
  • ie. 6-7 digits
  • Primary auditory or visual cortex
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19
Q

Working memory (subsystems)

A
  • allows a small amount of info (approx 4 chunks or meaningful units) to be maintained and manipulated over a short amoutn of time
  • allows you to plan and initiate activity
  • part of executive functioning
  • lateral frontal cortex
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20
Q

Procedural memory (subsystems)

A
  • Retention and retrieval of motor skills
  • Requires extensive training and provides for long-term storage of a moderate amount of info
  • basal ganglia, assocation neocortices
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21
Q

Scope of cognitive impairment

A
  • intact or impaired
  • ranges from cognitive impairment to basic cognitive functioning (infant) to higher order cognitive functioning
  • range of disturbances
  • location of the dmg indicates what will be impaired
22
Q

Intact Cognitive Function

A

Individual demonstrates normal cognitive behaviours for age and culture

23
Q

Impaired Cognitive Function

A

Indicates measurable differences in normal cognitive processes

24
Q

Basic Cognitive Functioning

A
  • perception
  • pattern recognition
  • attention (what you start with as an infant)
25
Q

Perception

A
  • the process of organization and interpreting sensory information using all 4 senses, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
  • ie. Use all 4 senses to know when it is safe to cross the street
26
Q

Pattern recognition

A
  • the classification of a simulus into a category
  • brain is recognizing and using patterns to predict what could happen next
  • allows for logic to be applied to common activities
27
Q

Attention

A
  • consciousness

- fully conscious person is aware of their surrounds and reacts to simuli in their environment

28
Q

Higher order Cognitive Functioning

A
  • Learning
  • Comprehension
  • Insight
  • Problem-solving
  • Reasoning
  • Decision making
  • Creativity
  • Metacognition
    (What you develop as you age)
29
Q

6 Cognitive Impairment

A
  • delirium
  • neurocognitive disorders (dementia)
  • cognitive impairment (not dementia)
  • focal cognitive disorders
  • intellectual disability
  • learning disability
30
Q

What are the 4 main units of the human brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
31
Q

What happens in the Cerebellum?

A
  • Most cognitive task occurs here, divided into 2 hemispheres (right and left)
  • Each hemisphere has four lobe (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe)
32
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A
  • carrying out the ability to reason, function intellectually, express personality, and purposefully interact with the external environment
  • neurons and neurotransmitters deliver information through complex networks
33
Q

Limbic system function

A
  • helps supports cognitive processing, is a structure that overlaps the cerebrum and diencephalon
  • regulation of emotion; memory; appetite; autonomic, neuroendocrine; olfaction
34
Q

Cerebrum function

A

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

35
Q

Diencephalon function

A

Memory processing and emotional response, relay and control centre

36
Q

What is the idea Automatic and Continuous in the Brain?

A
  • Always receiving internal and external data signals

- These signals are integrated and interpreted, triggers a sensory or motor response

37
Q

Brain function

A

Reponsible for multiple processes, including those that involve purposeful thought and response and those that are automated and occur without purposeful thought

38
Q

Brain stem function

A
  • Controls automatic behaviours necessary for survival (breathing, heart rate, and BP)
  • Connects brain to spinal cord
39
Q

What do thoughts require?

A

The ability to take in data signals and actively think about (integrate) and act on the information

40
Q

Hippocampus Function (Limbic System)

A

Plays a significant role in commiting information to long-term memory

41
Q

What does optimal brain function depend on?

A

The continuous perfusion of oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood

42
Q

What happens to the brain when hypoxia happens?

A

Decrease in O2 and glucose supply, as well as electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, significantly, impaired cognitive function

43
Q

Signs of Impaired Cognition

A
  • Lethargic: sleepiness, needs significant stimulus to respond, fluctuating atteniton span
  • confused: unsure of person, place, or time
  • amnesia: poor short-term and/or long-term memory
  • body odor: soiled/mismatching clothing, wearing clothing inappropriate for season
  • gait: slow movements while walking, dragging feet, shuffling, uncoordinated
  • eyes: avoiding/indirect eye contact, fleeting, cannot keep eyes open during convo
44
Q

Symptoms of Impaired Cognition

A
  • cannot stay awake/poor sleep
  • being confused to time, place, person
  • frustration, denial and/or anger at self for changes
  • inability to complete ADLs/IADLs
  • decreased quality of life (ie. Social isolation)
  • safety concerns: getting lost, hurting self, hurting others, etc.
45
Q

What happens to the older adult brain through aging?

A
  • size and weight of the brain and number of neurons decrease
  • reduction in and atrophy of neurons results in less efficient neurotransmission and a slowing of neural responses
  • decrease in synapse connection and leads to decrease coordination
  • cerebral blood flow and metabolism are reduced, impacting mental functions
  • changes to the peripheral nervous system may affect visual acuity, hearing, and balance
  • committing new information to memory is less efficient in older adults, but the majority of memory functioning remains intact
46
Q

What is not a normal part of aging in cognition?

A
  • Cognitive impairment is not normal aging

- intellectual loss is not normal

47
Q

Risk factors for impaired cognition

A
  • work; ie. Head injury
  • environment; ie. Pesticides
  • congenital/genetics: substances, cerebral palsy, Huntington’s disease
  • personal: substance abuse, high-risk activities
  • diseases: stroke, diabetes, cerebrovascular
48
Q

Older adult age-related changes in cognition

A
  • overall ability to pay attention
  • language skills
  • developed communcation skills
  • comprehension level
  • visual perception
49
Q

Examples of individual risks that affect (conditions) memory

A
  • over the counter or prescription medications
  • excessive use of alcohol- underlying medical condition
  • psychological causes (ie. Depression, stress)
  • higher lvls of cortisol are released and have an adverse effect on the hippocampus (harder to retrieve old memories or make new ones)
50
Q

Cognitive Impairment “CIND” (NOT dementia)

A
  • Mild cognitive impairment, demonstrate a greater reduction of congitive function than expected for an individual’s age and education, but it does not interfere with functional ability
  • higher risk of progressing to dementia
  • ranges of disturbances: memory, orientation, attention and concentration

BSNC 1000 (3 decks)

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