MODULE 7 HAEMATOLOGY DISORDER

Question 1

Describe the primary function or meaning of the following components of blood
- Erythrocyte
- Haematocrit
- Leucocyte
- Thrombocyte

Answer 1

Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell): Primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Haematocrit: Represents the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. It indicates the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.

Leucocyte (White Blood Cell): Functions in the immune system to defend the body against infections and foreign substances.

Thrombocyte (Platelet): Essential for blood clotting; helps prevent and control bleeding.

Question 2

In what way does the spleen affect the number of red blood cells and platelets circulating though the body?

Answer 2

The spleen acts as a reservoir for red blood cells and platelets. It can release these cells into the bloodstream when needed, such as in response to increased demand or during times of stress.

Question 3

What is the significance of the rhesus factor and why is it import to match this in a blood transfusion?

Answer 3

The Rhesus factor is important in blood transfusions to prevent an immune reaction. If a person receives Rh-positive blood when they are Rh-negative, their immune system may produce antibodies against the Rh factor, leading to a transfusion reaction.

Question 4

True or False: The majority of the population is Rh positive.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Describe the pathophysiology of anaemia and what the clinical presentation may be of prolonged untreated anaemia.

Answer 5

Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in their ability to carry oxygen. Prolonged untreated anemia can lead to fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and, in severe cases, organ damage.

Question 6

What is the aetiology (cause) if the following haematological disorders
- Pernicious anaemia
- Aplastic anaemia
- Sickle cell anaemia
- Polycythaemia

Answer 6

Pernicious Anemia: Autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency.

Aplastic Anemia: Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells.

Sickle Cell Anemia: Genetic mutation leading to abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become rigid and crescent-shaped.

Polycythemia: Overproduction of red blood cells, often due to bone marrow disorder or chronic hypoxia.

Question 7

Define the term thrombocytopenia.

Answer 7

Definition: A condition characterized by a low platelet count, increasing the risk of bleeding.

Question 8

What type of leukemia is the most common and has the lowest 5 year survival rate?

Answer 8

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).