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Patho Midterm 2 > Module 7: Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 7: Nervous System Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Anatomy of PNS

A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
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3
Q

Physiology of CNS

A
  • Communication and control centre of the body
  • Receives information, processes information, evaluates inputs
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Voluntary and Involuntary response
  • Reflex response
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4
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Meninges

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5
Q

Anatomy of Meninges

A
  • Dura matter (outermost layer)
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid (middle layer)
  • Subarachnoid (CSF)
  • Pia mater (inner layer)
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6
Q

Physiology of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • Provides cushion for the brain and spinal cord
  • Provides nutrients to the brain
  • Removes waste
  • Formed by choroid plexus and ventricles
  • maintain intracranial pressure
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7
Q

Physiology of the Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Capillaries in the brain
  • Limits passage of materials to the brain
  • Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose and proteins
  • Lipids pass through easily
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8
Q

Hemisphere lobes - Five major lobes

A

1) Pre-Frontal
2) Frontal
3) Parietal
4) Temporal
5) Occipital

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9
Q

Anatomy of Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Longitude fissures that separate the brain into two hemispheres

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10
Q

Physiology of Left Hemisphere

A
  • Control right side of body
  • Logical
  • Analytical
  • Science/Math
  • Critical Thinking
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11
Q

Physiology of Right Hemisphere

A
  • Controls left side of body
  • Artistic
  • Creativity
  • Performance
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12
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Motor function for speech production

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13
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Integration center

- Comprehends language

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14
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Cognitive behaviour

- Personality

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15
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Control and coordination of skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotional reactions of feelings

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17
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Frontal Lobe

A
  • Broca’s
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Motor
  • Intellectual function
  • Voluntary movement
  • Skilled movement
  • Speech
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18
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Parietal Lobe

A
  • Somatosensory

- Sensations (pain, touch)

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19
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Occipital Lobe

A
  • Visual cortex

- Vision

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20
Q

Anatomy and Physiology of Temporal Lobe

A
  • Auditory cortex - Hearing
  • Olfactory cortex - Smelling
  • Wernicke’s- Comprehension of speech
  • Memory & Learning - Hippocampus
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21
Q

Physiology of Cerebellum

A

“Cerebellum = CereBALANCE”

  • Body Balance
  • Positioning
  • Coordination of movement
  • Equilibrium
  • Smooth balanced movement
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22
Q

Physiology of Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Control and coordination
  • Respiration activity
  • Cardiovascular activity
  • Swallow reflex (cough, vomiting)
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23
Q

Physiology of Hypothalamus

A
  • Main role is maintaining Homeostasis
  • Autonomic system
  • Endocrine
  • Body temperature
  • Fluid balance
  • Thirst and Hunger
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24
Q

Physiology of Thalamus

A

Relay centre for incoming sensory impulses

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25
Physiology of Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Arousal and Awareness | "AAA = Activate Arousal and Awareness"
26
Physiology of Diencephalon
Contains thalamus and hypothalmus - Relays sensory information - Control autonomic functions of PNS
27
Anatomy and Physiology of Brain stem
- Pons - Midbrain - Medulla Oblongata - Cranial nerves, efferent and afferent fibers - Function is the parts made up of brainstem
28
Arteries that supply blood to the brain
- Cerebral artery - Supplies frontal lobe - Middle Cerebral artery - Basilar artery - branches to brain-stem and cerebellum
29
Anatomy of Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs - Originates from various parts of brain - Sensory, Motor and Mixed Fibers
30
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory - Smell (Senosory)
31
Cranial Nerve 2
Optic - Vision (Sensory)
32
Cranial Nerve 3
Oculumotor - Eye movements - Accommodation (Motor)
33
Cranial Nerve 4
Trochlear - Eye movements - Oblique eye muscles (Motor)
34
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal - Facial Sensation (Mixed)
35
Cranial Nerve 6
Abducens - Eye movements - Up and Down
36
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial - Facial sensory (taste) and facial expressions (Mixed)
37
Cranial Nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear - Hearing (Sensory)
38
Cranial Nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal - Taste, soft palate, Swallowing (Mixed)
39
Cranial Nerve 10
Vagus - Heart/Lungs and Smooth muscle - Heart rate - Digestion (Mixed)
40
Cranial Nerve 11
Spinal Accessory - Head movements (Motor)
41
Cranial Nerve 12
Hypoglossal - Muscle of tongue (Motor)
42
Physiology of the Spinal Cord
- Receives neuron impluses - Sends information to the brain for processing - Protected by the vertebral column - White and Grey matter in the core
43
Spinal Cord - Gray Matter
- Nerve cell body - Unmylienated | - Motor neuron
44
Spinal Cord - White Matter
- Afferent - Sensory - Efferent - Motor - Ascending and Descending tracts - Mylienated neuron
45
How many pairs of Spinal Nerves?
31
46
What are the two main Spinal nerve fibers?
- Efferent fibers (Motor) | - Afferent fibers (Sensory)
47
Reflex Response
Autonomic rapid response to a stimulus - Stimulus triggers sensory system, impulse follows afferent fibre up the Ascending tract to Spinal Cord - Impulse to the brain (integrate, evaluate, process) - Impulse follows efferent fibre (motor) down Descending tract to effector removing from stimulus
48
What is a Neuron?
- Highly specialized cells - Conduct impulses to CNS and PNS - Require glucose and oxygen - Supported by Glial cells
49
Anatomy of the Neuron
- Cell Body - Nucleus - Dendrites - Conduct impulses toward cell body - Axon - Conduct impulses away from body - Axon covered in myelin sheath - Schwann Cells - Gaps between cells - node of Ranvier - Impulse ends up in synapse
50
Physiology of the Myelin Sheath
- Insulation - Speeds up conduction - Performs by saltatory conduction - Formed by oligodendrocytes (Glial Cell)
51
How do impulses conduct?
Action Potential - Re-polarization of outward movement of K+ | - Sodium Potassium pump (3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in)
52
Neurotransmitter
Substance that is released into the synaptic cleft on stimulus - Epinephrine/Norepinephine - Acetylcholine
53
Types of Neurotransmitters (5)
- Acetylcholin - Para - Excitatory - Norepinephrine/epinephrine - Sympa - Excitatory - Dopamin/Serotonin - Excitatory - Glycine - inhibitory- (Spinal cord) - Gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) - inhibiting
54
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
- Flight or fight - Neurotransmitters = norepinephrine/epinephrine (post ganglia) - Acetylcholine (pre ganglia) - Contains Alpha and Beta receptors
55
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
- Rest and Digest - Aids recovery - Acetylcholine neurotransmitter - Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors
56
What Diagnostic tests are used to evaluate nervous system conditions?
- Computer Tomography Scans (CT) - Creates cross-sectional images - detailed scan - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - anatomical and physiological image of the brain/body - X-Ray - Images of tissues and structures - Doppler ultrasound - Electrocephaolography (EEG) - Cerebral angiography - Lumbar puncture - CSF
57
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Local Effects
Signs related to specific area of the brain or spinal cord in which lesion is located
58
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Expanding Lesions
Caused by tumours or hemorrhages - Supratentorial lesions - dysfunction - Infratentorial lesions - LOC, affects motor/sensory
59
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Levels of Consciousness
Decreased consciousness and responsiveness | - Leads to memory loss, difficulty in arousal, coma
60
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Vegetative State
- Loss of awareness and mental capabilities - Brain damage - Person is unresponsive to external stimuli
61
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Locked in Syndrome
Person is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate
62
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Brain Death Criteria
- Cessation of brain function | - Absence of brain stem reflex and responses
63
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Motor Dysfunction
- Damage to upper motor - weakness/paralysis - Damage to lower - weakness/paralysis - Decorticate/decerebrate position - severe brain damage
64
Alterations in Nervous System functioning - Sensory
- Somatosensory cortex - Touch, pain, temperature, vision, hearing impairements - Visual loss - Hemianopia - damage to visual pathway
65
Language Disorders - Aphasia
- inability to comprehend/express language
66
Language Disorders - Wernicke's Aphasia
Receptive - unable to understand written/spoken language
67
Language Disorders - Broca 's Aphasia
Expressive - cannot speak/write fluently/appropriately
68
Language Disorders - Global Aphasia
Damage to both areas - cannot express and comprehend language
69
Language Disorders - Dysarthia
Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in speech | - Slow and drawn out speech
70
Language Disorders - Agraphia
Impaired witing
71
Language Disorders - Alexia
Impaired reading
72
Language Disorders - Agnosia
Loss of recongnition/association of words
73
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
Temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain - Stroke - Partial occlusion of artery - Athlerosclerosis - Small embolus - Vascular Spasms
74
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) - Signs and Symptoms?
- Difficult to diagnose - Ischemia - Muscle weakness in arms/legs - Visual disturbances - Confusion - Numbness/parathesia in the face - Transient aphasia
75
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) - Treatment
- Medications - Anti-platelets and Anti-coagulants (Heparin/Warfarin) - Surgery - Can be seen by CT and MRI
76
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Stroke - Infarction of the brain - Rupture of cerebral vessel - Ischemia
77
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Risk factors
- Diabetes - Hypertension - Age - Heart disease - Smoking - Inactivity
78
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Signs and Symptoms?
- Lack of voluntary movement - Flaccid paralysis - Spastic paralysis
79
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - Treatments
- Medications - Glucocorticoids - Surgery - OT/PT - SLP
80
Brain Tumors
Benign and malignant tumours that can be life threatening | - Secondary brain tumour - metastasized from breast/lung tumour
81
Brain Tumors - Signs and Symptoms?
- Seizures - Headaches - Vomiting - Irritability - Personality/behaviour changes - Vision changes - Malignant tumours can cause death before general effects occur
82
Brain Tumors - Treatments
- Surgery - Chemotherapy - Radiation (Some tumours are radio-resistent)
83
Brain Injury
- Skull fractures - Hemorrhage and edema - Mild injuries - Swelling of the brain - Destruction of brain tissue
84
Brain Injury - Concussion
- Blow to head or whiplash - Reversible - Minimal brain trauma
85
Brain Injury - Contusion
- Bruising of brain tissue | - Blunt blow to head
86
Brain Injury - Closed head injury
- Skull not fractured in injury - Brain tissue is damaged - Extensive damage
87
Brain Injury - Open head injury
Fracture/penetration of the skull
88
Brain Injury - Depressed skull fractures
Displacement of bone
89
Brain Injury - Basilar Fracture
Leakage of CSF
90
Brain Injury - Contrecoup
Brain bounces off skull
91
Brain Injury - Primary Injuries
- Laceration/compression of brain tissue | - Rupture/compression of blood vessels
92
Brain Injury - Secondary injuries
- Cerebral edema - Hemorrhage - Hematoma (Meninges damage) - Ischemia
93
Brain Injury - Signs and Symptoms?
- Seizures - Cranial nerve impairment - Leaking CSF - Fever
94
Brain Injury - Treatment
- Medications - Glucocorticoids - Antibiotics - Surgery - Physiotherapy
95
Spinal Cord Injury
Fracture and dislocation of vertebrae | - compression, stretches or tears in spinal cord
96
Spinal Cord Injury - Cervical Spine injury
Neck Injury - Hyperextension or hyperflexion of neck - Can be fatal
97
Spinal Cord Injury - Disclocation of Vertebrae
Crush/compression of spinal cord
98
Spinal Cord Injury - Compression
Force on top of skull or to the feet
99
Spinal Cord Injury - Signs and Symptoms
- Increased BP - Increased ischemia - Bruising - Sensory motor or autonomic function - Infections - Spinal shock (Inflammation and scar tissue) - Paralysis - Paraplegic (Paralysis of lower extremities), Quadriplegic (Paralysis to all 4 limbs)
100
Spinal Cord Injury - Treatment
- PT/OT - Surgery - Glucocorticoids - Dermatome maps can identify the degree and damage of recovery
101
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus - Common location = Lumbrosacral discs - Tear can happen suddenly or gradually - Predispositions - age, metabolic, obesity
102
Herniated Intervertebral Disc - Signs and Symptoms
- Sensory, motor and autonomic function impairment - Signs depend on location and extent - Pain - Weakness - Numbness
103
Herniated Intervertebral Disc - Treatment
- Reduce weight bearing - Rest - Ice, heat compression - PT/OT - Surgery - Medications
104
Seizure Disorders
Spontaneous and excessive discharge pf the neurons in the brain - Inflammation - Hypoxia - Bleeding in brain - Genetics
105
Seizure Disorders - Focal
Specific sites
106
Seizure Disorders - Generalized
Both areas of the hemispheres are affected at the same time - Absence (Loss of Awareness) - Atonic (loss of muscle) - Tonic- Clonic (sudden stiffening of body) - Myoclonic (rapid contractions of body) - Febrile seizures (occur in children - high fever)
107
Seizure Disorders - Partial and Continous
Partial - sparing | Continuous - life threatening
108
Seizure Disorders - Signs and Symptoms
- Decreasing LOC - Headaches - Nausea - Papilledema - Late signs - dilated pupils - After seizures - LOC, confusion, extreme fatigue
109
Seizure Disorders - Treatment
- Medications - Pacemaker implant - Rehabilitation
110
Multiple Sclerosis
- Degenerative disorder - Progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves - Loss of myelin interferes with conduction and impulses - Onset 20-40 yrs of age - Causes unknown, but maybe due to: - Autoimmune - Nutritional deficit - Changes in blood flow to neurons - Genetic - Immunological - Different types and severity
111
Multiple Sclerosis - Signs and Symptoms
- Blurred vision - Weakness in legs - Double vision - Dysarthria - Numbness, burning tingling - Weakness and paralysis - Loss of coordination, bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction - Chronic fatigue
112
Multiple Sclerosis - Treatment
- No definitive test/treatment - MRI to diagnose - PT/OT - Medication to prolong symptoms - Home remedies - Cannabis
113
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Lou Gehrigs disease - Progressive degenerative disease affecting the upper and lower motor neurons - Cognitive is unimpaired (Stephen Hawking) - Could be genetic
114
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Signs and Symptoms
- Spastic paralysis - Decreased muscle tone and weakness - Stumbling and falling - Death may occur due to respiratory failure
115
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Treatment
- No specific treatment - Stem cell therapy - Medications to slow profession - SLP - PT/OT
116
Myasthenia Gravis
- Autoimmune disorder - Destruction of receptor sites - Prevents muscle stimulation
117
Myasthenia Gravis - Signs and Symptoms
- MSK weakness - Facial and occular muscles - Dysphargia and aspiration - Head droops - Impaired vision - Upper respiratory infections
118
Myasthenia Gravis - Treatment
- Serum antibody test - Electromyography (electric activity of muscle) - Medication - Glucocorticoids, Anticholinesterease agents
119
What is the function of the Pons?
- Controls breathing | - Communication station to other parts of the brain
120
What are the types of Glial Cells?
- Oligodendrocytes (Schwann Cells) - Microglia (Immune) - Astrocytes (Metabolic) - Ependymal (Create CSF)

Patho Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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