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AHA Quiz 2 > Module 7 - Respiratory Assessment > Flashcards

Module 7 - Respiratory Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the lungs?

A

Exchange of gases and maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the secondary function of the lungs?

A

pH balance - acid base balance

  • O2 inhalation
  • CO2 expiration
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3
Q

Anatomy of Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Nose
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Epiglottis
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4
Q

Anatomy of Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Accessory muscles
  • Bronchi/Bronchioles (Spongy material)
  • Alveolar ducts/Alveoli (Air sacs filled with hemoglobin in the bronchioles)
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5
Q

Components of the Thoracic cage

A
  • Thoracic cage
  • Ribs (12 pairs)
  • Vertebrae (12 pairs)
  • Diaphragm - Muscular septum that separates the thoracic cavity to the abdomen
  • Costochondral Junction - the points where the ribs join their cartilages - NOT palpable
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6
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Suprasternal notch

A

U shaped depression above the sternum in between the clavicles

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7
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Sternum

A

“breastbone” which has 3 parts: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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8
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Sternal Angle

A

“Angle of Louis” is the articulation of the manubrium (Sternum) it is a useful place to start to count the ribs

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9
Q

Anterior Thoracic Landmark - Costal Angle

A

Right and left costal margins form an angle where they meet at the xiphoidal process

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10
Q

Posterior Thoracic Landmark - Vertebra Prominens

A

Start at base of the neck - Spinal columns C7 and lower one at T1

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11
Q

Posterior Thoracic Landmark - Scalpula

A

Symmetrically in hemithorax, lower tip is usually at the level of the seventh or eighth rib

  • “Shoulder Blade”
  • Joining force between clavicle and humerus
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12
Q

Anatomy of Lung Lobes

A
  • Not symmetrical
  • Anterior contains primary upper and middle lobes
  • Posterior lobes contains lower lobes
  • Right lung is shorter due to liver
  • Left lung is narrow due to heart
  • Left lung has two lobes (no middle lobe)
  • Separated by fissures that run obliquely through the chest
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13
Q

Health History - Respiratory Questions

A
  • Cough
  • Sputum
  • Description of Cough
  • SOB
  • Chest Pain
  • History of Infections
  • Smoking
  • Environmental
  • Self care practices - Doctors appointments, Immunizations
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14
Q

Subjective Data - Cough questions

A
  • Do you have a cough?
  • When did it start?
  • How long? How often?
  • Description of cough
  • Sputum - Colour, Amount
  • Treatments?
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15
Q

Subjective Data - SOB questions

A
  • Severity
  • Factors
  • When does it occur?
  • Allergies
  • Sounds
  • Treatments?
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16
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Barrel Chest

A
  • Can associate with normal aging
  • Can associate with COPD (emphysema) and asthma
  • Chest appears to be partially inflated
  • Broad chest
  • Ribs are horizontal instead of downward
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17
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Pectus Excavatum

A
  • Sunken sternum
  • Depression at 2nd intercostal space
  • Can notice more on inspiration
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18
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Pectus Carinatum

A
  • Forward perfusion of the sternum

- Ribs slope on either side

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19
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Scoliosis

A
  • Lateral S shape curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine
  • Unequal shoulder/scapular heights
  • Occurs during the growth spurt before puberty
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20
Q

Abnormal Chest Expansion - Kyphosis

A
  • “Humpback” common in aging
  • Curvature of thoracic spine
  • Significant back pain
  • Limited mobility
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21
Q

Respiration Patterns - Tachypnea

A

Increased breathing rate - more than 24/min

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22
Q

Respiration Patterns- Hyperventilation

A
  • Increase in rate and depth
  • Can occur in extreme fear/anxiety situations
  • Can occur during to Diabetic Ketoacidosis
23
Q

Respiration Patterns- Bradypnea

A
  • Slow breathing

- Decreased rate of 10/min

24
Q

Respiration Patterns- Cheyne-Stokes Repirations

A
  • Increased rate and depth for 30-45 seconds with a period of apnea for 20 seconds
  • Common in heart failure, meningitis, drug overdose
25
Respiration Patterns- Apnea
- Cessation of breathing | - No movement of the muscles
26
Respiration Patterns- Atlectasis
Collapse or closure of the lung/partial lung
27
Respiration Patterns- Cyanosis
Blueish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes caused by low oxygen levels in the blood or circulation issues
28
Respiration Patterns- Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
29
Respiration Patterns- Hypercapnia
Too much CO2 in the lungs and elevated levels in the blood
30
Respiration Patterns- Hypoventilation
Slow rate and depth - inadequate to perform gas exchange
31
Respiration Patterns- Hypoxemia
Low level of O2 in the blood - arterial blood
32
Respiration Patterns- Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels in tissues
33
Respiration Patterns- Orthopnea
Shortness of breath when lying flat
34
Respiration Patterns- Biot's Respiration
Irregular pattern | Occurs in heart trauma, heat stroke
35
Respiration Patterns- Chronic Obstructive Breathing
Normal inhalation and prolonged expiration - Wheezing sound - COPD patients
36
Tactile Fremitus
Palpable vibrations felt at posterior/anterior chest wall - Client's say "99" - Sound generation from larynx is transmitted through bronchi and lungs to chest wall
37
Increased tactile fremitus
- Increased density - Better for conducting vibrations - Can occur with pneumonia patients
38
Decreased tactile fremitus
- Obstruction of vibrations | - Occurs in patients with emphysema, obstruction of bronchi, pleural effusion
39
Rhonchal Fremitus
Vibration felt when inhaled air passes through thick secretions in larger bronchi
40
Pleural Friction Fremitus
- Inflammation of parietal and visceral pleura | - Decreased in lubricating fluid
41
What are the 3 locations of the normal breathing sounds?
- Bronchial - Bronchovesicular - Vesicular
42
Bronchial sounds
- Pitch = high - Amplitude = low - Harsh, hollow, tubular - Trachea and larynx
43
Bronchovesicular sounds
- Pitch = moderate - Amplitude = moderate - Mixed sound - Bronchi
44
Vesicular sounds
- Pitch= low - Amplitude = soft - Rustling sound - Lungs
45
Abnormal Sounds - Crackles
- High pitched crackles - Popping sounds during inspiration - Asthma patients, bronchitis and pneumonia
46
Abnormal Sounds - Crackles Coarse
- Loud low pitched | - Pulmonary edema, pneumonia
47
Abnormal Sounds - Atelectatic Crackles
- Fine crackles - does not last long | - Occurs in older adults/bedridden patients
48
Abnormal Sounds - Pleural friction rub
- Superficial sound - Coarse and low pitched - Inflammation - Rubbing together - Painful
49
Continuous Sounds - Wheezing (high)
- High pitched - Compressed air - Asthma, chronic emphysema
50
Continuous Sounds - Wheezing (low)
- Moaning sounds - Prominent during expiration - Obstruction of airway
51
Continuous Sounds - Stridor
- High pitched - Upper airway obstruction - Foreign body - Life threatening
52
What are the 3 main accessory muscles?
Diaphragm, External inter-coastal and Scalene muscles
53
What are the normal range of findings for the Thorax/Lungs?
- Shape and Configuration - Position - Symmetrical Chest Expansion - Tactile fremitus - Normal breath sounds over lung fields

AHA Quiz 2 (4 decks)

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