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ANAT380 > Module 7b: The neck > Flashcards

Module 7b: The neck Flashcards

1
Q

Pharynx

A

Fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to upper esophageal sphincter

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2
Q

What three constrictor muscles form the fibromuscular walls of the pharynx?

A
  1. Superior pharyngeal constrictor
  2. Middle pharyngeal constrictor
  3. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
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3
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Formed by lower part of inferior constrictor muscle; prevents reflux of food into airway and prevents air from entering digestive tract

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4
Q

Divisions of pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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5
Q

Chonae of nasopharynx

A

How nasopharynx communicates with nasal cavity anteriorly

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6
Q

Lateral walls of nasopharynx

A

Openings to eustachian tubes

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7
Q

Roof of nasopharynx

A

Collection of lymphatic tissue (pharyngeal tonsil)

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8
Q

Pharyngeal isthmus

A

Allows for communication of nasopharynx w oropharynx

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9
Q

Oropharynx

A

Communicates anteriorly with oral cavity through the oropharyngeal isthmus

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10
Q

Fold of mucous membranes in oropharynx

A
  1. Palatoglossal arch
  2. Palatopharyngeal arch
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11
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

Located bwtn folds of oropharynx

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12
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extends from oropharynx to esophagus

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13
Q

Laryngeal inlet

A

Opens into anterior wall of laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Piriform recesses

A

Formed by cavity of laryngopharynx; extends anteriorly on each side of laryngeal inlet

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15
Q

Function of piriform recesses

A

Direct food from oral cavity to either side of laryngeal inlet, towards the esophagus

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16
Q

Choking

A

Blockage of upper airway by an object usually above the vocal folds

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17
Q

Symptoms of choking

A

Irregular breathing/coughing
High pitched wheezing/no breathing
Blue lips

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18
Q

Vestibular and vocal ligaments

A

Enclosed by respective folds (vestibular fold and vocal fold)

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19
Q

True vocal fold

A

Vocal fold

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20
Q

False vocal fold

A

Vestibular fold

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21
Q

Cricothyroid ligament

A

Originates from upper border of cricoid cartilage and extends superiorly where its upper margin forms vocal ligament

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22
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Back of larynx, close vocal folds during swallowing and change tension of vocal cords for sound production

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23
Q

Action of vocal folds during respiration

A

Abduct vocal folds

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24
Q

Action of vocal folds during swallowing

A

Adduct vocal folds

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25
Q

Action of vocal folds during phonation

A

Partially adduct and alter tension of vocal folds

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26
Q

Phonation

A

Production of speech sounds

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27
Q

Intrinsic muscles of larynx function

A

Control shape of rima glottidis, and length and tension of vocal ligaments during breathing, swallowing and phonation

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28
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of larynx?

A
  1. Thryoarytenoid
  2. Cricothyroid
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29
Q

Thyroarytenoid origin

A

Inferoposterior aspect of angle of thyroid cartilage

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30
Q

Thyroarytenoid insertion

A

Anterolateral part of arytenoid cartilage

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31
Q

Thyroarytenoid action

A

Relax vocal ligaments, produce softer voice

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32
Q

Thyroarytenoid innervation

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

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33
Q

Cricothyroid origin

A

Anterolateral aspect of cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

Cricothyroid insertion

A

Inferior margin of thyroid cartilage

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35
Q

Cricothyroid action

A

Stretches and tenses vocal ligaments for production of loud speech and diff tones of voice

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36
Q

Cricothyroid innervation

A

External laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal nerve)

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37
Q

Laryngospasm

A

Occurs when vocal folds suddenly sieze up due to disruption in nervous input from the laryngeal nerves, leads to airway obstruction

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38
Q

What are the triggers of a laryngospasm?

A

Asthma, allergies, exercises, irritants, stress and anxiety, GERD

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39
Q

Laryngospasms caused by GERD

A

Malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter resulting in regurgitation of corrosive stomach contents into esophagus; nerves stimulated

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40
Q

Symptoms of laryngospasm

A

Choking sensation
Inability to breathe or speak
High pitched breathing noises (stridor)

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41
Q

Arterial supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid artery (branch of external carotid)
Inferior thyroid artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery)

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42
Q

Venous supply of thyroid gland

A

Drained by superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins which form a venous plexus on anterior surface of thyroid gland and descends anterior to trachea

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43
Q

Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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44
Q

Where does inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

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45
Q

Innervation of thyroid gland

A

Vagus nerve
Sympathetic trunk

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46
Q

Vagus nerve supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve

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47
Q

Sympathetic trunk nerve supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia

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48
Q

Goiter

A

Abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland

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49
Q

Symptoms of goiter

A

Compression of cricothyroid altering speech
Compressed vagus nerve- difficulty breathing and swallowing
Compressed trachea- tightness in throat and unusual coughing
Compressed phrenic nerve- difficulty breathing

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50
Q

Superficial muscles of neck

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Platysma
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51
Q

Sternocleidomastoid origin

A

Manubrium and medial end of clavicle

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52
Q

Sternocleidomastoid insertion

A

Mastoid process

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53
Q

Sternocleidomastoid action

A

Flex head and neck, tilt and rotate head

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54
Q

Sternocleidomastoid innervation

A

Accessory nerve

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55
Q

Platysma origin

A

Upper 2 ribs

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56
Q

Platysma insertion

A

Lower margin of mandible

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57
Q

Platysma action

A

Tenses skin of neck, facial expression

58
Q

Deep muscles of neck

A
  1. Scalenes
  2. Levator Scapulae
59
Q

Scalenes

A

Three muscles in deep lateral neck, spanning btwn transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and ribs 1 and 2

60
Q

Scalenes action

A

Flex and rotate neck, elevate ribs during forced expiration

61
Q

Levator scapulae origin

A

Transverse processes of C1-C4

62
Q

Levator scapulae insertion

A

Scapula

63
Q

Levator scapulae action

A

Lift scapula and support vertebral column

64
Q

Sternocleidomastoid syndrome causes

A

Stress, overuse, poor posture, inactivity

65
Q

Symptoms of sternocleidomastoid syndrome

A

Pain in lateral neck, posterior head, jaw and throat
headaches
Neck stiffness
Tingling in face or neck

66
Q

The hyoid bone

A

U-shaped bone superior to larynx, attached by thyrohyoid membrane

67
Q

What bone doesn’t articulate with any other bones?

A

Hyoid bone

68
Q

The supra-hyoid muscles

A
  1. Diagastric
  2. Stylohyoid
  3. Mylohyoid
  4. Geniohyoid
69
Q

Diagastric posterior belly

A

Attaches to mastoid process
Nerve supply- facial nerve

70
Q

Diagastric anterior belly

A

Attaches to mandible
Nerve supply- mandibular nerve

71
Q

Stylohyoid origin

A

Styloid process of temporal bone

72
Q

Stylohyoid insertion

A

Hyoid bone

73
Q

Stylohyoid innervation

A

Facial nerve

74
Q

Mylohyoid origin

A

Mandible

75
Q

Mylohyoid insertion

A

Hyoid bone
(join together at midline raphe to form floor of mouth)

76
Q

Geniohyoid origin

A

Mandible

77
Q

Geniohyoid insertion

A

Hyoid bone

78
Q

Posterior belly of digastric muscle strain cause

A

Overuse of misalignment

79
Q

Symptoms of posterior belly of digastric muscle strain

A

Pain in neck and under chin
Referred pain to sternocleidomastoid

80
Q

Trigger point of posterior belly of digastric muscle

A

Under angle of mandible

81
Q

Trigger point of anterior belly of digastric muscle

A

Referred pain to lower front teeth

82
Q

Infrahyoid muscles action

A

Depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and phonation

83
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A
  1. Sternohyoid
  2. Omohyoid
  3. Thyrohoid
  4. Sternothyroid
84
Q

Sternohyoid origin

A

Manubrium

85
Q

Sternohyoid insertion

A

Hyoid bone

86
Q

Omohyoid inferior belly origin

A

Scapula

87
Q

Omohyoid inferior belly insertion

A

Intermediate tendon

88
Q

Omohyoid superior belly origin

A

Intermediate tendon

89
Q

Omohyoid superior belly insertion

A

Hyoid bone

90
Q

Thyrohyoid origin

A

Thyroid cartilage

91
Q

Thyrohyoid insertion

A

Hyoid bone

92
Q

Sternothyroid origin

A

Manubrium

93
Q

Sternothyroid insertion

A

Thyroid cartilage

94
Q

Omohyoid muscle syndrome

A

Presents as a mass in the neck located superior to the clavicle that is only visible when the patient swallows

95
Q

Symptoms of omohyoid muscle syndrome

A

Stiff neck
Tenderness when palpating near the mass

96
Q

Causes of omohyoid muscle syndrome

A

Irritation or damage to muscle from excessive vomiting or neck trauma

97
Q

Arterial supply of head

A

Internal and external carotid arteries (branches of common carotid)
Subclavian arteries

98
Q

What do internal carotid arteries supply?

A

Brain and eyes

99
Q

What do external carotid arteries supply?

A

Face and neck

100
Q

Where does the left subclavian arteries arise from?

A

Aortic arch

101
Q

Where does the right subclavian arteries arise from?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

102
Q

Venous drainage of head

A

Internal jugular veins
Subclavian veins

103
Q

Internal jugular veins

A

Drain blood from brain and superficial regions of face and neck
Joins subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein

104
Q

Subclavian veins

A

Used to place central venous lines

105
Q

Atherosclerosis of internal carotid artery

A

Buildup of fats, cholesterol in arterial walls leading to narrowing and irregularity of artery’s lumen, prevent blood flow to brain

106
Q

Symptoms of atherosclerosis of internal carotid artery

A

Dizziness
Headaches
Confusion
Fainting

107
Q

Lymphatic drainage of neck

A
  1. Superficial nodes
  2. Cervical nodes
  3. Jugular trunk
  4. Thoracic and lymphatic trunk
108
Q

Superficial nodes

A

Submental nodes
Submandibular nodes

109
Q

Cervical nodes

A

Deep and superficial

110
Q

Superficial cervical nodes

A

On surface of SCM and are associated w external jugular vein

111
Q

Deep cervical nodes

A

Deep to SCM and closely related to internal jugular vein

112
Q

Jugular trunk

A

All lymphatic vessels of head and neck drain into deep cervical nodes then into jugular nodes

113
Q

Thoracic and right lymphatic trunk

A

jugular trunks empty into thoracic duct on left and right lymphatic trunk on right

114
Q

Recurrent strep throat infection

A

Bacterial infection of pharynx

115
Q

Symptoms of recurrent strep throat infection

A

Enlarged lymph nodes of neck
Pain when swallowing
Stiffness in neck
Headaches
Fever
Red palatine tonsils

116
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

Sensory innervation to tongue, pharynx and middle ear

117
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

Supplies muscles of tongue

118
Q

Vagus nerve (CN X)

A

Forms vagus nerve plexus

119
Q

Vagus nerve plexus

A

Gives rise to nerves that form pharyngeal, parasympathetic cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
Forms superior laryngeal nerves

120
Q

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branch of right vagus nerve
Loops around right subclavian artery

121
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branch of left vagus nerve
Loops around ligamentium arteriosum of arch of aorta

122
Q

Innervation of recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx and mucous membrane of larynx

123
Q

Unilateral facial paralysis

A

Immobility of vocal folds due to damage or dysfunction of recurrent laryngeal or vagus nerve

124
Q

Symptoms of unilateral face paralysis

A

Swallowing disability
Shortness of breath
Weak cough
Horseness of voice

125
Q

What does the cervical plexus supply?

A

Supplies infrahyoid muscles

126
Q

Innervation of thyrohyoid muscle

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve

127
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 1-4

128
Q

What does the cervical plexus supply?

A

Motor innervation muscles of neck
Sensory innervation to skin of neck and back of scalp

129
Q

Infra-hyoid muscle paralysis

A

Caused by trauma to cervical spine leading to damage of cervical plexus

130
Q

Symptoms of infra-hyoid muscle paralysis

A

Difficulties swallowing
Horse voice
Tightness in thrort

131
Q

Where does right phrenic nerve travel?

A
  1. Anterior to right subclavian artery
  2. Into thorax through thoracic inlet
  3. Anterior to root of right lung
  4. Along pericardium of right atrium
  5. Pierces diaphragm at opening of IVC
132
Q

Where does left phrenic nerve travel?

A
  1. Anterior to left subclavian
  2. Into thorax through thoracic inlet
  3. Anterior to root of left lung
  4. Cross aortic arch and left vagus nerve
  5. Along pericardium of left ventricle
  6. Pierces and innervates diaphragm
133
Q

Phrenic nerve damage symptoms

A

Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, feeling faint

134
Q

Phrenic nerve irritation

A

Hiccups

135
Q

Three main sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. Superior cervical ganglion
  2. Middle cervical ganglion
  3. Inferior cervical ganglion
136
Q

Superior cervical ganglion

A

Posterior to carotid arteries, anterior to C1-C2 vertebrae

137
Q

Middle cervical ganglion

A

Anterior to thyroid artery and C6; might be absent in some people

138
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion

A

Anterior to C7 vertebra

139
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Disorder resulting from damage to sympathetic innervation of head; caused by spinal core lesions of tumour

140
Q

Symptoms of horner’s syndrome

A

Drooping of upper eyelid
Constriction of pupil
Absence of sweating on face and neck

141
Q
A

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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