Module 8 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Symbiosis
A
Sym = with biosis = to live
2
Q
3 symbiotic relationships
A
- Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
3
Q
Commensalism
A
One benefits, other unaffected
4
Q
Mutualism
A
Both benefit
5
Q
Parasitism
A
One benefits one harmed
6
Q
Commensalism example
A
- cattle egrets eat stirred up insects
- titan triggerfish moves large rocks for smaller fish
7
Q
Mutualism examples
A
- clown fish and anemone: fish food scraps, anemone protected from predators
- barracuda and Spanish hogfish: mouth debris
- African croc and Egyptian plover: bird cleans teeth
- Flowering plants and birds/bees: pollen reward
8
Q
Defensive mutualism
A
Ex. Acacia (defence) ants (reward): protection for food source
- Nectaries: sugar source for adults
- Beltian bodies: lipids, sugars, proteins for larval ants
9
Q
2 kinds of mutualism
A
- Obligate mutualism
2. Facultative mutualism
10
Q
Obligate mutualism
A
Highly dependent (cannot survive without eachother) Ex. Termites and flagellated protists in digestive system to digest cellulose
11
Q
Facultative mutualism
A
Benefit but not totally dependent
Ex. Bees and plants (other species can)
12
Q
Parasitism
A
*don’t generally kill host
Ex. Ticks: wounds, infection, hair loss,anemia
Ex. Birds and snails (hosts) flatworms (endoparasite) affect optic nerve
13
Q
2 types parasitism
A
- Obligate parasitism
2. Facultative parasitism
14
Q
Obligate parasitism
A
Parasite needs host to compete life cycle
Ex. Flatworm
15
Q
Facultative parasitism
A
Does not rely on host
Ex. Naegleria fowleri: bacteria eating microorganism (shapeshifting amoeboflagellate)
16
Q
Competition
A
- Contest for resources
- both harmed, cost to compete
- **driving force evolution and natural selection
17
Q
Predation
A
One benefits, one harmed
18
Q
Herbivory
A
One benefits one harmed
19
Q
Non-symbiotic relationships
A
- Competition
- Predation
- Herbivory
20
Q
Intraspecific competition
A
Same species
21
Q
Interspecific competition
A
Different species
22
Q
Ecological niche
A
Resources and environmental conditions that an organism require over its lifetime
23
Q
Fundamental niche
A
Range of conditions and resources it COULD tolerate and use
24
Q
Realized niche
A
- Range of conditions and resources it ACTUALLY needs in nature
- (smaller than fundamental niche)
25
Lotka and Volterra
-no 2 species w similar requirements can coexist in same niche without competition driving one to local extinction
26
Competitive exclusion principle
(Gause’s principle)
| Two species competing for limited resources cannot coexist in the same place at the same time
27
Example competitive exclusion
Barnacles
- BALANUS only lower intertidal area
- CHTHAMALUS upper intertidal area
28
2 outcomes of Gause’s competitive exclusion principle
1. One species drives the other to local extinction
| 2. Natural selection reduces the competition between the species
29
Robert MacArthur warbler study
- 5 species
- each feed on different parts of spruce tree
- evolution: use different parts
- subdivided niche
- avoid direct competition
- RESOURCE PARTITIONING
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2 kinds interspecific competition
1. Competitive exclusion
| 2. Resource partitioning
31
Competitive exclusion
Elimination of one species from habitat by other species with identical resource needs
32
Resource partitioning
Process permits 2 or more species to coexist by partitioning resources
(Differentiate ecological niches)
33
Predator adaptations
- sense (vision, smell, hear)
- hunting (stalking, sit-and-wait, group hunting)
- morphological (teeth, claws, jaws, strength, tongue)
34
Prey adaptation
- camouflage
- senses (vision, smell, hearing)
- behavioural
- defensive weapons
- morphological (spines, thorns)
- chemicals (chemical warfare)
- speed
35
Coevolution
When evolutionary changes in one species drive evolutionary changes in another species
36
Convolution example
- orange bellied newt (Taricha granulosa): tetradoxin, Na+ blocker, toxic
- garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) resistant to newt toxin, loss of speed movement = vulnerable
37
Community
Population of more than one species that live in the same place at the same time
38
Population
A single species, influenced by species interactions w other species and physical/chemical components
39
2 components of species diversity
1. Species richness
| 2. Relative abundance
40
Species richness
Total # species
41
Relative abundance
How common/rare a species is relative to other species in the community
42
Universal feature of communities
Larger the area the more species will be found until total # species is reached
43
Species area relationship
More area usually means more species
44
Equilibrium model of island biogeography
MacArthur and Wilson 1967
-# species on an island tends toward equilibrium # determined by balance between immigration and extinction
45
Immigration curve
As colonists gill the island, rate of arrival of new species drops (\)
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Extinction curve
As colonists fill the island, rate species disappear increases (/) because interspecific competition increases
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Species equilibrium
Where immigration and extinction curves cross
48
2 factors affect species equilibrium
1. Distance
| 2. Area
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Distance effect
Greater distance rod island decrease # species
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Area effect
Larger island = higher equilibrium
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Species diversity
- location related to mainland
- islands have fewer species than mainland
- islands higher extinction rate
- size influences diversity
52
“Islands”
- oceanic islands
- isolated forests
- lakes
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Disturbance example
Eruption Mount St. Helens 1980
- erupted may 18th 1980
- killed 57 people
- created barren wasteland
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Disturbance and recovery
-diversity changes overtime
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Primary succession
Succession on newly espoused site that lacks soil and vegetation (ex. Volcanic islands)
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Secondary succession
Succession on site that has already supported life but has undergone disturbance (ex. Fire, tornado, hurricane, flood)
Early stages more rapid
57
Lichens
- Often among first colonizers
- composite organism: fungus, green algae, Cyanobacteria)
- nutrients from rain and rocks
- mild acids erode rocks, develop soil for moss
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Order primary succession
```
Pioneer species:
-bare rock
-lichens
-small annual plants/lichens
-grasses and perennials
Intermediate species:
-grasses, shrubs, shade-intolerant trees (pines)
Climax community:
-shade tolerant trees (oak, hickory)
```
59
Order secondary succession
```
Pioneer species:
-annual plants
-grasses and perennials
Intermediate species:
-grasses, shrubs, pines, young oak and hickory
Climax community:
-mature oak and hickory forest
```
60
Ecosystem
Biotic and abiotic communities of an environment
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Ecosystem ecology
- Study movement of energy and materials through organisms and communities
- energy moves one direction: producers to consumers, autotrophs to heterotrophs
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Food chains
Simple and linear
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Food webs
Complex and interconnected chains
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Primary producer
- base
- autotroph
- plants, protists, photosynthetic prokaryotes
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Primary consumer
Herbivore
| Ex. Caterpillar
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Secondary consumer
Carnivore
| Ex. Lizzard
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Tertiary consumer
Secondary carnivore
| Ex. Snake
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Ecosystem primary production
Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs
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Secondary production
Amount of chemical energy in consumers food converted to new biomass during given time period
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Efficiency energy transfer between trophic levels
- 10%
| - loss energy represented by pyramid of net production
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Detritus (debris)
Material and dead remains of animals and waste products
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Detritivores
- Organisms that get energy from detritus (decomposers/ saprotrophs)
- carry 80-90% consumption of plant matter
- 2nd trophic level
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Higher trophic level =
Lower energy available
| Most food energy lost as heat
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Pyramids of biomass
Based on biomass at each trophic level
| May be inverted depending on ecosystem
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Pyramid of numbers
Based on # organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem
(Upright or inverted depending on ecosystem)
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Pyramid of energy
Normally upright
77
Removing top carnivores
Reciprocal changes in population of predators and prey in food chain
(Often dramatic ecosystem change)
78
Trophic cascade
-removal top carnivores from ecosystem
Conservation predators = maintenance structure
79
3 type ecosystem organisms
1. Dominant species
2. Keystone species
3. Invasive species
80
Dominant species
- highly abundant
| - control occurrence/distribution other species
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Keystone species
- pivotal in community dynamics
- strong STRUCTURAL control
- engineers (physical changes ex. Beaver dams)
- facilitators (positive effect survival reproduction other species)
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Invasive species
- Effect stability and structure
- better competitors than native species
- pioneer species, few native species
- prey on organisms that lack anti-predatory defence
- REDUCTION species diversity
83
Example keystone species
- starfish (taken over by zebra mussels)
- sea otter (eat sea urchins which feed on kelp)
- beavers
84
Invasive species example
- brown tree snake
| - zebra mussels
85
Why are invasive species successful?
1. Better competitors
2. Pioneers species, few predators
3. Prey on defenceless organisms
4. No parasites
86
Extinction
- opposite speciation
| - species no longer in existence
87
Functional extinction
- Reduced # individuals left
- population no longer viable
- low chance reproduction
88
Extinction vortex
Downward spiral, cannot naturally recover, caused by inbreeding and genetic drift
89
Extinct
Species disappeared/ lost globally
90
Extirpated
Species disappeared/ lost locally (regional)
91
Endangered
Species facing imminent extirpation or extinction
92
Threatened
Species likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse factors
93
Special concern
Species that may become threatened or endangered due to biological characteristics and threats
94
Not at risk
Species not at risk of extinction under current circumstances
95
Canadian mammals
1/3 endangered, threatened, special concern
96
Example endangered species
Beluga whale
97
Example threatened species
swift fox
98
Average estimated extinction rate
1-10 species/ 5 years
99
Contemporary (current) extinction rate
Increases 1,000-10,000 times
100
Bird extinction rate
1-2 per 100 years
-106 since 1800, only should be 2-4
101
Charles Elton
Ecological pyramids to show relative amounts of parameters across trophic levels
102
3 Saskatchewan invasive species
- wild boar
- purple loosestrife
- Prussian carp
