Module 8

Question 1

what is the relative speed of cytoplasm

Answer 1

very fast

Question 2

what is the relative speed of mitochondria

Answer 2

slower

Question 3

what is the substrates of cytoplasm

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

what is the substrates of mitochondria

Answer 4

pyruvate

Question 5

what is the number of ATP formed in the cytoplasm

Answer 5

2

Question 6

what is the number of ATP formed in the mitochondria

Answer 6

32-34 ATP (flexible)

Question 7

what is the by-product of glucose decomposition and ATP synthesis in cytoplasm

Answer 7

pyruvate

Question 8

what is the by-product of glucose decomposition and ATP synthesis in mitochondria

Answer 8

CO2 and H2O

Question 9

what site is aerobic

Answer 9

mitochondria

Question 10

what cite is anaerobic

Answer 10

cytoplasm

Question 11

what is pyruvate

Answer 11

by product of glycolysis

Question 12

what is pyruvate’s fate

Answer 12

moved into the mitochondria and it continue to break it down

Question 13

how many pyruvates are produced by glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule

Answer 13

2

Question 14

what is lactate

Answer 14

breakdown of glycolysis turn pyruvate into lactate

Question 15

why is lactate produced

Answer 15

maintain glycolysis by turning it into lactate

Question 16

why is lactate associated with metabolic acidosis

Answer 16

when ATP use exceeds TCA which usually uses the H+ to diffuse superoxide

Question 17

what is the process of producing ATP anaerobically called

Answer 17

glycolysis

Question 18

what is the process of producing ATP aerobically called

Answer 18

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

what are the two steps of Aerobic ATP production called

Answer 19

1: (Krebs cycle), finish decomposing pyruvate, produces carbon dioxide
2: (Electron transport train), strip electrons from HADH and FADH2, produces water and ATP is made

Question 20

what step is O2 used in

Answer 20

step 2 (electron transport train)

Question 21

what by-product of aerobic metabolism of O2 produce

Answer 21

Makes H2O from O2 and H

Question 22

what are the main cellular structures associated with protein synthesis

Answer 22

Nucleus: DNA and RNA
process: transcription
Ribosomes: mRNA and tRNA
process: translation

Question 23

what are the two types of ribosomes

Answer 23

Free and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Question 24

what are the different types of ribosomes

Answer 24

mRNA: code for proteins amino acids
rRNA: structural part of ribosomes
tRNA: delivers amino acids to ribosomes

Question 25

What are the different types of proteins made from each ribosome type?

Answer 25

Free: cytoskeleton, glycolytic enzyme RER: membrane channels, receptors, molecules stored and released from vesicles

Question 26

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 26

where RER proteins are modified and packaged and 'shipped' to destination

Question 27

define transcription

Answer 27

mRNA 'copy' of DNA 'code' made in the nucleus

Question 28

define translation

Answer 28

translate code to a new protein in the ribosome

Question 29

where does transcription take place

Answer 29

nucleus

Question 30

what is the product of translation

Answer 30

mRNA

Question 31

where does translation take place

Answer 31

outside of the nucleus-ribosomes

Question 32

what is the product of translation

Answer 32

primary sequence of protein

Question 33

define GENE

Answer 33

segments within DNA strands containing the code for 1 protein

Question 34

define triplet

Answer 34

a set of three DNA base CCT-CGA-TCA

Question 35

define codon

Answer 35

a set of three complementary mRNA bases

Question 36

define anticodon

Answer 36

a set of three tRNA bases

Question 37

what are the two types of genetic mutations

Answer 37

substitution and deletion/insertion

Question 38

what are the consequences to the proteins substitution code for

Answer 38

substituting one base for another-may or may not have damaging consequence on protein ( like misspelling a word with one letter wrong-we still know the word)

Question 39

what are the consequences to the proteins deletion/insertion code for

Answer 39

when a base is deleted or added, it changes the base sequence from that triplet onward- and usually a fatal mutation