Module 8

Question 1

Passive immunity is when a mother passes what to her infant through breast milk?

Answer 1

antibodies called immunoglobulins

Question 2

Which immunoglobulins are in breastmilk?

Answer 2

IgA, IgM, and IgG

Question 3

immune response that is exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen

Answer 3

Hypersensitivity reaction

Question 4

Bee stings, latex, and medication reactions are all examples of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 4

Type I: IgE mediated allergic

Question 5

Hemolytic reactions is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 5

Type II: Cytotoxic

Question 6

immune complex deposition (SLE) is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 6

Type III:IgG/IgM mediated

Question 7

PPD test, latex, nickel, and poison ivy are all examples of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 7

Type IV: delayed

Question 8

What type of immunity is responsible for production of antibodies and immune responses that are mediated by antibodies?

Answer 8

Antibody mediated immunity (Humoral)

Question 9

Antibodies produced by the B cells will bind to antigens, neutralizing them, or causing lysis or phagocytosis occurs in which type of immunity?

Answer 9

Antibody mediated immunity (humoral)

Question 10

immune responses in which targets are attacked directly by immune system cells–specifically cytolytic T cells and macrophages describes which form of immunity?

Answer 10

Cell mediated immunity

Question 11

Vaccine contraindications

Answer 11

anaphylactic reaction to specific vaccine and/or vaccine component, and moderate or severe illnesses with or without fever

Question 12

Common side effects with vaccine administration

Answer 12

local reactions and fever

Question 13

What can you do to reduce pain and anxiety when administering vaccines to children?

Answer 13

distraction
rapid administration
give most painful last

Question 14

What kind of vaccine needs to be avoided in immunocompromised children?

Answer 14

Live vaccines

Question 15

a bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles. “Lockjaw” is common sign.

Answer 15

Tetanus

Question 16

3 clinical forms of tetanus include

Answer 16

generalized
localized
cephalic

Question 17

Post exposure intervention for tetanus

Answer 17

immediate treatment with TIG
agents to control muscle spasms
aggressive wound care
antibiotics
tetanus toxoid booster

Question 18

CDC recommendations regarding tetanus

Answer 18

vaccines for all babies, children, preteens, teens, and adults

Question 19

How do we use antihistamines in a severe reaction?

Answer 19

H1 antihistamines are used as adjuvant therapy

Question 20

Which antihistamines are effective in motion sickness?

Answer 20

promethazine [Phenergan]

dimenhydrinate [Dramamine]

Question 21

Why are H1 blockers used to treat mild allergic disorders?

Answer 21

to reduce localized flushing, edema, itching, and pain. Also helps to suppress secretion of mucus.

Question 22

Why are H2 blockers used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers?

Answer 22

they depress production of hydrochloric acid

Question 23

Acute urticaria, chronic idiopathic urticaria, itching and flushing in anaphylaxis, pruritus, and contact dermatitis can be treated with what combination?

Answer 23

H1 and H2 blockers given together

Question 24

First generation H1 antagonists differ from second-generation in what way?

Answer 24

They are highly sedating

Question 25

Cetirizine Fexofenadine Loratadine

Answer 25

second generation H1 antagonists

Question 26

GI side effects seen in aspirin use

Answer 26

heartburn nausea gastric distress

Question 27

GI effects seen in long-term/chronic aspirin use

Answer 27

Occult GI bleeding-anemia | gastric ulceration, perforation, and bleeding

Question 28

How can you reduce aspirin induced GI issues?

Answer 28

take with food or full glass of water | ulcer prevention with PPI, H2Ras and misoprostol

Question 29

CDC recommends aspirin be avoided in children under 18 because what syndrome can develop?

Answer 29

Reyes syndrome

Question 30

What medications can be used topically to relieve pain and itching associated with various skin disorders, sunburn, plant poisoning, fungal infection, diaper rash, and eczema

Answer 30

Local anesthetics--Lidocaine, tetracaine, and cocaine

Question 31

Risk for toxicity from topical anesthetics increases with amount absorbed which is determined by?

Answer 31

(1) amount applied (2) skin condition (3) skin temperature

Question 32

Local anesthetics are frequently administered in combination with which vasoconstrictor and why?

Answer 32

epinephrine because it delays absorption and prolongs anesthesia and reduces risk for toxicity

Question 33

syndrome that develops when aspirin levels climb just slightly above therapeutic. Signs include tinnitus, sweating, headache, and dizziness.

Answer 33

Salicylism

Question 34

works on immune system to help relieve swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions. Used to treat low cortisol levels caused by diseases of the adrenal gland.

Answer 34

Oral hydrocortisone

Question 35

Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids can cause what complications?

Answer 35

``` adrenal insufficiency osteoporosis risk for infection glucose intolerance growth retardation in kids fluid & electrolyte imbalance PUD iatrogenic Cushing syndrome ```

Question 36

Induced by long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Symptoms include hyperglycemia, glycosuria, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, cutaneous striations, and lowered resistance to infection. “Potbelly”, “moon face”, and “buffalo hump”

Answer 36

Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome

Question 37

characterized by throbbing head pain of moderate to severe intensity. Has two primary forms: with aura and without aura. Neurovascular disorder that involves dilation and inflammation of intracranial blood vessels.

Answer 37

Migraine

Question 38

lasting 15 mins to 2 hours and is characterized by severe, throbbing, unilateral pain in the orbital-temporal area.

Answer 38

Cluster headaches

Question 39

Most common type. Characterized by moderate, nonthrobbing pain, usually located in a “headband” distribution. Headache is often associated with scalp tingling and a sense of tightness or pressure in the head and neck.

Answer 39

Tension

Question 40

a. NSAIDs – aspirin, naproxen, diclofenac b. Acetaminophen + aspirin + caffeine = Excedrin Migraine c. Opioid analgesics = Butorphanol nasal spray d. Migraine specific drugs – SSRA (triptans), Ergot Alkaloids

Answer 40

Headache abortive medications

Question 41

propranolol, divalproex, and amitriptyline.

Answer 41

Headache prevention medications

Question 42

reduces release of inflammatory neuropeptides—diminishes perivascular inflammation which when coupled with vasoconstriction help relieve migraine pain. Taken to abort an ongoing migraine attack.

Answer 42

Sumatriptan

Question 43

Side effects of Sumatriptan are transient and mild but what is a rare but serious side effect?

Answer 43

Coronary vasospasm | teratogenesis in pregnancy

Question 44

acute or chronic overdose of Ergotamine causing serious toxicity. Overdose can cause ischemia secondary to constriction of peripheral arteries and arterioles: the extremities become cold, pale, and numb; muscle pain develops; and gangrene may eventually result.

Answer 44

Ergotism

Question 45

used to relieve pain and to treat opioid addiction. Can cause QT prolongation

Answer 45

Methadone