Module 8: Biological Molecules

Question 1

What is the Marcromolecule for sugars?

Answer 1

Carbohydrate

Question 2

What is the Marcromolecule for Amino acids?

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

What is the Marcromolecule for Fatty acids?

Answer 3

Lipids

Question 4

What is the Marcromolecule for Nucleotides?

Answer 4

Nucleic Acids

Question 5

Small biomolecule: Carbohydrate

Answer 5

Sugars

Question 6

Small biomolecule: Proteins

Answer 6

amino acids

Question 7

Small biomolecule: lipids

Answer 7

fatty acids

Question 8

Small biomolecule: nucleic acids

Answer 8

nucleotides

Question 9

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

Question 10

Describe Carbohydrates

Answer 10

-ose suffix

polyhydroxylated (highly oxygenated)

main energy source

stored as fat long term

Question 11

Describe proteins

Answer 11

responsible for essential biological functions

DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzyme reactions, membrane transport

Question 12

Describe lipids

Answer 12

Hydrophobic

responsible for membrane structure and energy storage

Question 13

Describe nucleic acid

Answer 13

responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information

Question 14

one sugar unit =

Answer 14

monosaccharide

Question 15

2 sugar units =

Answer 15

disaccharide

Question 16

multiple sugar units =

Answer 16

polysaccharide

Question 17

How is sugar broken down in the body?

Answer 17

Glycolysis (conversion to ATP for energy)

Question 18

Simple sugars break down with ______ but complex sugars require _______

Answer 18

saliva

enzymes

Question 19

What are the 2 carbonyls for carbohydrates?

Answer 19

Ketose (CHO)
aldose (=O on the 2nd carbon)

Question 20

What are the stereoisomers for carbohydrates?

Answer 20

last -OH group

On the Left = L
On the right = D

Question 21

What is the simplest sugar?

Answer 21

Glyceraldehyde

Question 22

How do you name the carbons in carbohydrates?

Answer 22

triose
tertose
pentose
hexose

Question 23

What is an epimer?

Answer 23

Type of diastereomer in a carbohydrate where the 1st -OH is the only stereocenter that changes

Question 24

What is the Alpha anomer?

Answer 24

the -OH is pointed DOWN

Question 25

What is the Beta anomer?

Answer 25

the -OH is pointed UP

Question 26

Where is the aomeric carbon?

Answer 26

It is carbon 1 **Always to the right of the oxygen**

Question 27

How will you know your carbohydrate is a ketose?

Answer 27

Will have an double bonded O at C#2

Question 28

How will you know your carbohydrate is an aldose?

Answer 28

C#1 = CHO

Question 29

If carbohydrate is a D sugar, the hydroxyl group goes ____ in the Haworth projection

Answer 29

up

Question 30

If carbohydrate is a L sugar, the hydroxyl group goes ____ in the Haworth projection

Answer 30

down

Question 31

What do amino acids conists of?

Answer 31

-Amine functional group -Carboxylic acid functional group -Side chain

Question 32

T/F: Amino acids are sensitive to pH

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Amino acids: positive charge if the pH is _____ than the pI

Answer 33

less

Question 34

Amino acids: Negative charge if the pH is _____ than the pI

Answer 34

greater

Question 35

Amino acids: D stereoisomer

Answer 35

NH2 on RIGHT side or on DASH

Question 36

Amino acids: L stereoisomer

Answer 36

NH2 on LEFT side or on WEDGE

Question 37

Which amino acid is natural?

Answer 37

L stereoisomer

Question 38

What type of bonds are formed between amino acids?

Answer 38

Peptide bonds

Question 39

What are the multiple amino acid fragments called?

Answer 39

Dipeptide tripeptide tertapeptide polypeptide

Question 40

What is the beginning of the animo acid peptide sequence?

Answer 40

N-terminus amine functional group

Question 41

What is the ending of the amino acid peptide sequence?

Answer 41

C-terminus carboxylic acid functional group

Question 42

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 42

An amide bond (carbonyl and N-H) **Look for the amide bond** **Count how many and it will tell you how many sequences**

Question 43

T/F: Peptide bonds decrease stability of peptides and proteins

Answer 43

F

Question 44

_____ leads to turns in amino acid structures

Answer 44

Proline

Question 45

Describe Protein Structure: Primary

Answer 45

sequence of amino acids

Question 46

Describe Protein Structure: secondary

Answer 46

fixed arrangement of polypeptide backbone Alpha helix Beta sheets

Question 47

What type of bonds are in alpha helix?

Answer 47

intramolecular (same peptide fragments)

Question 48

what type of bonds are in beta sheets?

Answer 48

intermolecular (multiple peptide fragments)

Question 49

Describe Protein Structure: tertiary

Answer 49

Whole; 3-d structure tied to biochemical function of a protein

Question 50

What type of bonds are in a tertiary structure?

Answer 50

Ionic bonds between side chains of amino acids hydrogen bonds in peptide bonds Disulfide linkages between 2 cysteine amino acid Dispersion forces between hydrocarbon side chains of amino acids

Question 51

Describe Protein Structure: Quaternary

Answer 51

Multiple tertiary structures (Held together by same forces as tertiary)

Question 52

Lipids have _____ solubility in water

Answer 52

low

Question 53

What are the 3 main functions of lipids?

Answer 53

energy storage membrane structure chemical signaling

Question 54

What are the 4 structural types of lipids?

Answer 54

fatty acids glycerides non-glycerides complex

Question 55

What does a unsaturated fatty acid have?

Answer 55

double bonds

Question 56

saturated fatty acids have ____ double bonds

Answer 56

zero

Question 57

What makes up a fatty acid?

Answer 57

hydrocarbon tail carboxylic acid head

Question 58

cis fatty acids are normally _______

Answer 58

unsaturated

Question 59

trans fatty acids are normally ______

Answer 59

saturated

Question 60

What are micelles?

Answer 60

Bunched up lipids due to insolubility in water

Question 61

Describe an Eicosanoid

Answer 61

Lipid Subtype hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from Arachidonic acid Acts on neighboring cells Found in almost all cells and tissues Plays role in: -Prostaglandins (inflammation/pain) -Leukotrienes (inflammation) -Thromboxanes (blood clotting)

Question 62

Describe a Glyceride

Answer 62

Lipid subtype 3 membered glycerol backbone with appended fatty acid **Role in energy storage and cell layers** Types: Neutral (triglycerides) and Ionic (phosphoglycerides)

Question 63

Describe Non-glycerides

Answer 63

Lipid subtype Sphingolipids: CNS enriches compound -> tissue development, cell recognition/adhesion, toxin receptors Steroids: signaling various biological functions Waxes: esters of fatty acids; protective coating on plants, insects, bird feathers

Question 64

Describe Complex

Answer 64

Lipid Subtype Bonded to another carbohydrate Lipoprotein: transporting mechanism Glycolipids: bond to carbohydrates; can act as a site for viruses to enter

Question 65

What does a Nucleic acid consist of?

Answer 65

Heteroaromatic base Ribose sugar phosphate group

Question 66

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 66

DNA - transcription (gene encoding) RNA - translation (protein synthesis)