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COAD Final > Module 8 - Common Chronic Conditions > Flashcards

Module 8 - Common Chronic Conditions Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the categories of the Chronic Illness trajectory model (8)?

A

1) Pre-trajectory - before illness occurs - preventative phase
2) Trajectory onset - Signs and Symptoms
3) Crisis - Life threatening
4) Acute - Active illness
5) Stable - Symptoms controlled
6) Unstable - Symptoms not controlled
7) Downward - Progressive deterioration
8) Dying

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2
Q

Holistic approach to chronic conditions

A
  • Use of non-chemical medications
  • Naturally sourced medications - herbal supplements, cannabis
  • Healthy nutrition
  • Exercise
  • Essential oils
  • Accupuncture
  • Massage therapy
  • Physical therapy
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3
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Osteoporosis

A
  • Metabolic bone disorder
  • Decrease in bone mass
  • Loss of calcium
  • Severe low bone mineral density
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4
Q

Signs and Symptoms -Osteoporosis

A
  • Early stage is asymptomatic
  • Back pain
  • Psychosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Fractures
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5
Q

Treatment - Osteoporosis

A
  • Exercise
  • Nutrition
  • Lifestyle changes (Smoking)
  • Physiotherapy
  • Fall prevention
  • Increase in calcium and vitamin D
  • PTH injections
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6
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Osteoarthritis

A
  • Degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease
  • Cartilaginous lining becomes thin and damaged
  • Joint space narrows and bones of the joint rub together causing destruction
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7
Q

Signs and Symptoms -Osteoarthritis

A
  • Older age
  • Obesity
  • Pain and joint stiffness
  • Crepitations
  • Joint movement is limited
  • Fingers can look disfigured
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8
Q

Treatments- Osteoarthritis

A
  • Medications - Analgesics/NSAID’s
  • Physiotherapy
  • Surgery
  • Heat and Cold applications
  • Diet changes
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9
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Polymyalgia Rheumatic Arthritis

A

Inflammatory disease of the joints

- Mainly in the neck, shoulders and upper arms

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Polymyalgia Rheumatic Arthritis

A
  • Acute onset pain in neck, shoulders and upper arms
  • Low grade fever
  • Fatigue
  • Stiffness
  • Swelling
  • Redness
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11
Q

Treatments- Polymyalgia Rheumatic Arthritis

A
  • Corticosteroid medication/injection

- Physiotherapy

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12
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Inflammation of joint and destroys cartilage and bone within the joint
  • Persistent and systemic inflammation
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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Fatigue
  • Low grade fever
  • Aching
  • Depression
  • Progression to heart valves/pleura (severe)
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14
Q

Treatments - Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Physiotherapy
  • Analgesics/NSAID’s
  • Heat and cold application
  • Glucocorticoid injections
  • Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (NDMARD)
  • Rest between activities
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15
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Hyperplasia related to imbalance of estrogen and testosterone due to aging
  • Changes in prostate tissue surrounding urethra causing compression and obstruction
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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Dribbling urine
  • Hesitancy to urinate
  • Age
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17
Q

Treatment - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Surgery
  • Cystoscopy
  • Medications to smooth and relax muscles
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18
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Progressive neurological disorder
  • Neurons that produce dopamine are destroyed and die
  • May be genetic
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19
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Decreased sensations
  • Decreased fine motor skills
  • Voice changes
  • Stooped posture
  • Tremors
  • Slow movements
  • Stiffness of arms and legs
  • Problems with balance, tend to fall a lot
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20
Q

Treatment - Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Lifestyle changes
  • Medications
    o Dopamine agonists
    o Anticholinergics
  • Nutrition
  • PT/OT
  • Holistic care
  • Exercises – slow and steady
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21
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Osteoporosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • ROM Assessment
  • Nutrition assessment
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Promote physiotherapy
  • DEXA bone Scan
  • Follow ups with care provider
  • Encourage healthier lifestyle
22
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Arthritis - ALL (osteoarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatics, rheumatoid arthritis, gout)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Encourage a healthier lifestyle- Nutrition, No smoking, Avoid alcohol
  • Exercise
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Follow ups with care provider
  • ROM
  • Dexterity of hands
  • Ensure client rest after activities
23
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Follow ups with health provider
  • Ensure education on what to look for with BPH
  • Encourage increase fluid intake
  • Exercise and mobility
24
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Parkinson’s disease

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Nutrition
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Exercise and mobility
  • Test ROM
  • Physio/OT
  • Encourage follow ups with health professionals
  • Education on signs and symptoms of worsening condition
25
Pathophysiology and S/S - Glaucoma
- Natural fluids of the eye are blocked by ciliary muscle causing build up of pressure - Damage to optic nerve - Redness - Acute pain - Severe headache - Impaired vision - Nausea/Vomiting
26
Nursing Assessments/Intervention - Glaucoma
- Obtain a medical history - Eye drop administrations - Ophthalmology appointments - Vision Exam/- Routine screening
27
Pathophysiology - Cataracts
Caused by oxidation damage to lens's protein and fatty deposits
28
Signs and Symptoms- Cataracts
- Clear lens becomes cloudy - Halos around objects - Blurred Vision - Changed perception of light and colour (yellow tinge) - Sensitivity to glare - Increased rate of impairment - Age
29
Nursing Assessment/Interventions - Cataracts
``` Assessments; - Assess renal function - Assess for tumors/lesions - Education and preparation to vision changes Treatments: - Surgery - Counselling - Vision exams/Routine screenings ```
30
Pathophysiology - Macular degeneration (AMD)
- Degenerative eye disease that affects macula - Progressive loss to central vision - Peripheral vision intact - Genetics
31
Nursing Assessments - Macular degeneration (AMD)
- No cure - Limited treatment options due to slow progression - Screening and early detection and prevention - Eye exams
32
Interventions - Macular degeneration (AMD)
Want to slow progression by: - Antioxidant and zinc formulas - Vitamin C and E and Zinc oxide - PDT (photo-dynamic therapy) - Laser Therapy - Medications
33
Pathophysiology - Diabetic retinopathy
- Increased vessel permeability due to Diabetes Mellitus | - Blood and lipid leakage causes macular edema and hard exudate
34
Assessments - Diabetic retinopathy
- Assess for Micro-aneurysms, hemorrhages and hard exudates | - Eye exams– 5 years after diagnosis of Type 1 and at the time of diagnosis for Type 2
35
Interventions - Diabetic retinopathy
- Constant, strict control of glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure - Laser photo-coagulation treatments
36
Pathophysiology - Tinnitus
- Perception of sound with the absence of sound | - Can be ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling and swishing
37
Assessments - Tinnitus
- Collect data from person - Tinnitus questionnaire - Causes vary- Loud noises, allergies and obstruction - May never be determined - Medication toxicity
38
Interventions - Tinnitus
- Hearing aids - Electrostimulation - Masking with white noise - Dental treatment - Cochlear implants
39
Pathophysiology - Hearing Loss
- Conduction deafness - Blocked sound to external or middle ear - Accumulation of wax/foreign object, scar tissue or adhesions - Sensorineural deafness- Damage to organ of corti – auditory nerve
40
Assessments - Hearing Loss
- Hearing test - Collecting data from the person - Interpreter may be able to gather information for sign language use
41
Interventions - Hearing Loss
- Cochlear implant - Hearing aid - Removal of wax or foreign objects - Education on sign language
42
Strategies to maintain maximal function for people to self care
- Education on disease prevention - Immunizations - Access to resources - Follow ups with health provider - Vision and hearing assessments
43
Immunization need for older adults
- Booster dose of tetanus/diphtheria every 10 years - Annual influenza vaccine - Booster dose for the whooping cough - Pneumococcal vaccine – over 65 years and older adults with health issues - Herpes Zoster (Shingles) - Over 50 years
44
Describe the geriatric syndrome of frailty
Fatal/chronic conditions in which the body has few reserves left and any disturbances can cause multiple health conditions - Increase in physical and mental decline - Leads to increase risk of morbidity and mortality Responsible for: - Metabolic factors - Atherosclerosis - Cognitive impairment - Malnutrition - Weight loss, fatigue, muscle weakness, slow and unsteady gait and decline in activity
45
What is the scale that is used to manage frailty and prevent further functional decline?
Clinical Frailty Scale: Scores individuals from levels of very fit to terminally ill based on common symptoms
46
Causes - Arterial and Venous Ulcers
- Venous and arterial insufficiency - Immobility - Obesity - Diabetes - Atherosclerosis - Thrombocyte activity - Sickle cell disease - Wounds
47
Management - Arterial ad Venous Ulcers
- Change in position - Examination of the wound - Understanding and treatment of underlying cause - Assess medical history - Change of Dressings - Encourage fluid intake - Medications
48
Gout
- Form of arthritis | - Urate crystals accumulation in the joint causing the inflammation
49
Gout - Signs and Symptoms
- Intense Pain - Redness - Swelling - Discharge - Limited ROM - Obesity - Diabetes
50
Gout - Treatment
- Medications - NSAID's - Corticosteriods - Change of diet - Limit alcohol - Exercise recovery

COAD Final (6 decks)

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