Module 8: GI Maze Flashcards by Meagan Strickland

A microorganism that causes disease

Pathogen

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A test that is used to detect the presence of bacteria or fungi in the blood

Culture

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A test to determine how susceptible a microorganism is to a medication

Sensitivity

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An antimicrobial that targets only specific subsets of bacterial pathogens

Narrow Spectrum Antimicrobial

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An antimicrobial that targets a wide variety of bacterial pathogens including gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Broad -Spectrum Antimicrobial

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Secondary infection in a patient that has a preexisting infection

Superinfection

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Drugs that stop bacteria from reproducing

Bacteriostatic

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Drugs that kill their target bacteria

Bactericidal

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The way in which a drug affects microbes at the cellular level

Mechanism of Action

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Antagonism can occur between two antimicrobials or between antimicrobials and non-antimicrobials being used to treat other conditions; produce harmful effects

Antagonistic Interactions

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Concurrent drug administration produces a _________ ________ that is better than the efficacy of either drug alone.
Ex: trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Synergistic Interaction

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If a medication inhibits the growth of a microorganism, the organism is __________ to the medication.

; Sensitive

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Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an example of

Gram Positive

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Type of antimicrobials that minimize the risk of superinfections

Narrow Spectrum Antimicrobials

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Inhibit RNA protein synthesis and suppress reproduction of the bacteria.
-Are bacteriostatic as they do not actually kill bacteria, but inhibit additional growth and allow the body’s immune system to kill the offending bacteria

Macrolides

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_______ occurs when gastric or duodenal ulcers are caused by the breakdown of GI mucosa by pepsin, in combination with the caustic effects of hydrochloric acid.

; the most harmful disease related to hyperacidity because it can result in bleeding ulcers, a life-threatening condition.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

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used to neutralize stomach acid and reduce the symptoms of heartburn

Ex: Calcium Carbonate

Antacids

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Greek word for twisted chain, is responsible for many types of infectious diseases in humans. (Gram +)

Streptococcus

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A second example of a Gram + bacteria. The bacteria comes from a Greek word for bunches of grapes, which describes their microscopic appearance in culture.

Staphylococcus

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Directly impact interaction and reproduction of the offending microorganism; treat specific viral infections.

Antiviral drugs

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Rate at which 50% of a drug is eliminated from the plasma

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Half-life

This means that there is a more significant killing of the bacterial with increasing levels of the antibiotic.

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Dose dependent

These medications have optimal bacterial killing effect at lower doses over a longer period of time; These antimicrobials exert the greatest effect by binding to the microorganism for an extensive length of time.

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Time dependent

; Penicillin

Three common mechanisms of antidiarrheals are:

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Absorbents: help eliminate the toxin or bacteria from the GI tract
Antimotility Agents: slow peristalsis
Probiotics: help to restore normal bacteria found in lower intestine

Oral rehydration agents may also be used to replace fluid
Antibacterial agents may also be used to treat diarrhea caused by specific infections

Classification: Antiemetic; antihistamine Action: To stop nausea, vomiting, dizziness; inhibits vestibular stimulation Why Take It: Vertigo, nausea, car sickness Overexpression: Administration: not to exceed 400mg/day Follow Up: Still experiencing nausea? Education: May cause drowsiness, may cause dry mouth, avoid driving after taking

Dimenhydrinate (Gravol)

Classification: Antidiarrheal Action: Work to absorb more fluid out of the stool and low peristalsis down (allows for more solid stool) Why Take It: Diarrhea Overexpression: Constipation Administration: May not want to give if the diarrhea is from a bug/virus/bacteria as this will trap it inside the body Follow Up: Still experiencing diarrhea, any constipation? Education: watch for constipation

Loperamide

Classification: Prokinetic Antiemetic Action: Blocks dopamine receptors, which cause nausea when triggered Why Take It: Nausea, vomiting, hiccups, migraine, prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis Overexpression: Extrapyramidal symptoms Administration: IV use can cause EPS Follow Up: Still experiencing nausea? Education: May cause drowsiness, signs of EPS; can cause GI upset and diarrhea

Metoclopramide

Classification: Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist, Antiulcer Agent Action: Attach to histamine-2 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach which prevents acid from being released Why Take It: Ulcer, GERD, heartburn Overexpression: Acid rebound Administration: Follow Up: pain? acid reflux? Education: may cause drowsiness (Driving), avoid alcohol and other things that may cause GI irritation

Ranitidine | ; INHIBITS RELEASE OF ACID

Classification: Antacid Action: Neutralizes the acid in the stomach (acid causes pain to the lining of the stomach where ulcer is) Why Take It: Ulcer Overexpression: Hypercalcemia, too much acid produced due to brain thinking stomach needs more with neutralized acid Administration: Rebound effect; patient should be on something longer acting for long term use Follow Up: Pain? GERD? Education:

Calcium Carbonate | ; NEUTRALIZE ACID

Classification: Proton Pump Inhibitor Action: Interferes with proton pump that has a role in acid production; inhibition of production of acid Why Take It: Ulcer, GERD Overexpression: Too much reduction of production of acid (rebound effect) Administration: Best on empty stomach; other meds may not work properly if they require an acidic environment Follow Up: GERD? Pain? Education: Advise patient to avoid alcohol, report black tarry stool, report abdominal pain, take med as directed for full course of TX

Pantoprazole (prazoles) ; INHIBIT PRODUCTION OF ACID

Classification: Macrolide Antibiotic Action: Inhibit RNA protein synthesis and suppress reproduction of the bacteria; bacteriostatic Why Take It: Infection; streptococcal infections; syphilis; gonorrhea Overexpression: Nausea; kill normal/good flora= GI symptoms; superinfections (yeast infections, thrush of mouth, fungal infections, gut infections (diarrhea/C. diff) Administration: Anaphylaxis? Renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, can be given empty or full stomach, often given when people are allergic penicillin Follow Up: resolution of signs and sx of infection? improvement of acne lesions if for acne Education: take med around the clock when supposed to, take full course even if feeling better, may cause nausea/vomiting/stomach cramping/diarrhea

Erythromycin

Classification: Osmotic Laxative Action: Increase fluid in stool to allow for better defecation Why Take It: Constipation (natural or from med) Overexpression: Diarrhea Administration: PEG should not be used for more than 2 weeks at a time Follow Up: reduced/stopped constipation; a soft formed bowel movement? Education: Inform patient 2-4 may be needed to produce bowel movement; encourage non-pharmacological measures like fibre, fluids, and movement

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

Classification: Stimulant Action: Stimulate lining of the intestine muscles to contract to move stool through Why Take It: Constipation Overexpression: Diarrhea Administration: More aggressive than osmotic laxative; prolonged use may cause dependence Follow Up: Soft, formed bowel movement? Resolution of constipation? Education: Short term therapy; encourage non-pharmacological measures like fibre, fluids and movement

Bisacodyl

What are possible reason someone may experience nausea?

Illness, motion sickness, pregnancy, anxiety/stress, side effect of meds, withdrawal, substance use, surgery/anesthetic, anticipatory nausea, poison/toxin

; Stimulates motility of the upper GI tract ; Blocks dopamine in the CTZ (medulla oblongata) ; Works as antiemetic ; Can cause EPS with IV use ; Unlabeled use is to manage hiccups

Metoclopramide | Prokinetic Antiemetic

When going to Mexico to elope, I make sure to pack which medication?

Loperamide (Antidiarrheal)

What are important non-pharmacological interventions to prevent constipation?

``` ; Encourage fluids ; Encourage mobility and movement as tolerated ; Prune juice ; Encourage fibre intake ```

Why is it important to deal with constipation?

; Bowel obstruction and perforation of the bowel(s)

Which laxative is used in "Active Treatment"?

Bisacodyl/Senekot | ; Stimulant

Which laxative is used prophylactically(preventative)?

Polyethylene Glycol | ; Osmotic Laxative

True or False: | The terms H2 Antagonist and Antihistamine are interchangeable terms as they mean the same thing.

False | ; Antihistamine blocks H1 receptors and H2 Antagonist blocks H2 receptors

True or False: | Antacids can increase stomach acid.

True ; Bounce back effect after discontinuing AND also if you take them a lot they can increase acid (stomach becomes alkaline and signals brain to signal to produce more acid)

What important aspects of antibiotic therapy should the nurse include in patient education?

; Take full course of treatment even if feeling better ; Use probiotic while on antibiotic to encourage normal flora ; When to take in ; How to take it, empty/full stomach

Works to absorb more fluid out of the stool and slow peristalsis down (allows for more solid stool)

Loperamide (Antidiarrheal)

Blocks dopamine receptors, which cause nausea when triggered | *EPS possible when given by IV

Metoclopramide | ; Prokinetic Antiemetic

Attach to histamine-2 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach which prevents acid from being released *INHIBITS RELEASE OF ACID

Ranitidine | ; Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist

Neutralizes the acid in the stomach (acid causes pain to the lining of the stomach where ulcer is)

Calcium Carbonate ; Antacid *NEUTRALIZES ACID

Interferes with proton pump that has a role in acid production; inhibition of production of acid

Pantoprazole ; Protein Pump Inhibitor *INHIBITS PRODUCTION OF ACID

Inhibit RNA protein synthesis and suppress reproduction of the bacteria; bacteriostatic

Erythromycin | ; Macrolide Antibiotic

Increase fluid in stool to allow for better defecation

Polyethylene Glycol ; Osmotic Laxative *Prophylactic

Stimulate lining of the intestine muscles to contract to move stool through *Used in active treatment

Bisacodyl | ; Stimulant

inhibits vestibular stimulation

Dimenhydrinate | Antiemetic & Antihistamine

Module 8: GI Maze Flashcards

(52 cards)