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module 8 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

what is natural selection?

A

the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

another def: More adapted organisms have a higher chance of surviving and procreating

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2
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

the process where humans intentionally choose certain desirable traits in plants or animals and encourage those traits to become more common in future generations

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3
Q

homologous structures?

A

body parts in different animals that have similar structure

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4
Q

talk about charles darwin

A
  • processed his theory of evolution in 1859
  • from UK
  • christian → atheist (was pretty devoted christian in his 20s)
  • believed in a single common ancestor
  • believed in “descent with modification”
  • earned a degree in theology from Cambridge (nerd)
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5
Q

what is “descent with modification”?

A
  • idea of evolution
  • species change over time, developing new traits in each generation
  • the “theory” of evolution is a hypothesis, an explanation of observation
    ◦ not testable
    ◦ requires an impossible amount of time
    ◦ is not repeatable
  • SECULAR scientists believe this unifies all of biology
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6
Q

who described evolution as a gradually branching family tree showing living organisms becoming more complex over time?

A

charles darwin

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7
Q

why/how did darwin convert from christian to atheist?

A

◦ strongly believed in the Bible and was made fun of/ridiculed
◦ after a long voyage he DIDN’T BELIEVE A WORD IS TRUE IN THE BIBLE
- womp womp going to hell

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8
Q

who said “the present is the key to the past”

A

charles lyell (geologist, studied geology of the earth)

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9
Q

where was Darwin’s Theory developed?

A

the galapagos islands off the coast of Ecuador

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10
Q

true or false: microevolution is a hypothesis

A

false! it’s a theory (something that can be tested, has lots of support, evidence based

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11
Q

what is microevolution?

A

(creation worldview) the theory that over time, natural selection can change an organism, making it more specialized for its environment.
- basically: the small changes that happen in a population’s traits over a short time

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12
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

(evolution worldview)
- a hypothesis
- over long periods, the same changes as in microevolution can turn one kind of organism into a completely different kind

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13
Q

immutability of species?

A

the idea that each individual species on the planet was specially created by God and could never fundamentally change

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14
Q

neo-Darwinism?
neo-Darwinism-mutation?

A

1) updated version of Darwin’s theory with more modern info
2) mutations coming from DNA

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15
Q

what is igneous?

A

cooling lava

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16
Q

metamorphic?

A

extreme temperature and pressure

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17
Q

sedimentary?

A
  • usually forms strata- distinct layers of rock
  • contains fossils
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18
Q

what discovery did james watson and francis crick make in the 1950s?

A

-made model of DNA

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19
Q

how many atoms are in our galaxy?

A

10⁶⁵ (10 to the 65th power)

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20
Q

primary tenets (or beliefs) of the Theory of Evolution?

A

○ life comes from nothing
○ the earth is billions of years old
○ we appeared w/o God

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21
Q

what is the cambrian explosion and how does it disrupt thinking about evolutionary theory?

A

the cambrian explosion is that different animals appeared all of a sudden, and there was no explanation where they came from

it disrupts the thinking because:
○ something can’t come from nothing
○ “how did it get there”
○ theres literally no support for how it happened so how is it credible?? stupid ahh💀💀

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22
Q

what is DNA enigma and how does it disrupt thinking about evolutionary theory?

A

DNA enigma is figuring out the likelihood of a protein evolving at random

it disrupts the thinking because:
○ shows there is a lack of gradual change, which is what evolution says there is

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23
Q

dr meyer explains that natural selection only “selects” sequences that random mutations generate. yet experiments have established that DNA sequences capable of making stable proteins are extremely rare, and really hard to stumble on randomly.

1) does this information support/not support Darwin’s theory?
2) why is the “random” factor so important to mr meyers point?

A

1) it does not support darwin’s theory because that’s contradicting what science experiments established. Darwin’s theory depends on random mutations

2) it contradicts itself. it represents that the theory is not true. in order for it to not be random, there has to be someone driving it (God)

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24
Q

dr meyer says that even 4 billion yers of life’s history is not enough time to overcome a search problem this big [of finding new DNA sequences that can build a functional and/or stable protein.
1) why do you think thats the case?

A

(answers may vary)

1) evolutionists can’t explain and support why those things happened. it’s statistically impossible

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25
1) why do you think dr meyer makes a distinction between scientists who know about the problems and those who don't? (after he said that "scientists who know about these problems are not ignorant, stupid, or insane, they are just appropriately skeptical" 2) do you think that scientists should still be skeptical regarding Darwinian theory? why/why not?
(answers may vary) 1) everyone has their own opinions and they are entitled to having them. they're "ignorant" because they can't support their opinion. some scientists don't have as much info as others 2) ○ they should be skeptical of everything, that's literally their job [as a scientist]
26
what are novo genes?
new genes that appear without an ancestor/being passed down
27
do you think that the Theory of Evolution will prevail as factual truth someday, at least to some extent? why/why not? (answers may vary)
answer from creation worldview: no! ○ faith over scientific explanations ○ God created everything ○ as Christians we believe in Jesus and that the Bible is the Truth - Colossians 1:16-17, Genesis 1:1, Genesis 1:24-25, Genesis 2:7
28
what is paleontology?
the study of fossils
29
what are examples of organisms evolutionists claim to be intermediate links/varieties?
archaeopteryx (ar-kee-op-ter-iks) ○ bird-like lizard ○ its a bird australopithecus (aw-stray-low-pih-thih-kus) ○ half ape half human - LUCY ○ it's an ape that walks on its knuckles
30
why do evolutionists consider the archaeopteryx and australopithecus to be intermediate links?
○ archaeopteryx - has a full set of teeth (some reptiles have teeth but birds living today don't) - 3 claws on each wing (no adult bird living today has claws on its wing ○ australopithecus - the hip and ankle joints are constructed in a way to make it stand upright in a comfortable manner (unusual in apes because most apes tend to be comfortable on all fours, and humans tend to be comfortable standing upright) - so there's a chance that it could've stood upright, considering it a link between man and ape
31
why are archaeopteryx and australopithecus not really intermediate links?
archaeopteryx isn't an intermediate link because: - it has feathers and wings - the skull is just like a bird skull - same lung design australopithecus isn't an intermediate link because: - v shaped jaw (lots of apes have that) - each bone in the entire skeleton indicates that it's an ape
32
what is a living fossil?
something that scientists thought it was extinct, but the organism is still alive - an example is a coelacanth (the fish) see-luh-kanth
33
what are the four ways a bacterium can become resistant to an antibiotic?
1. conjugation - direct transfer of genes 2. transformation - absorbing DNA from environment 3. transduction - DNA transfer by viruses 4. mutation - changes in DNA
34
what main problem with Darwin's hypothesis did neo-Darwinism hope to solve?
the problem neo-Darwinism hoped to solve was random things coming from mutations
35
what problem with Darwin's hypothesis did punctuated equilibrium attempt to solve?
the problem was that that they couldn't find intermediate links in fossil records
36
how would an adherent to punctuated equilibrium explain the lack of intermediate links in the fossil record?
since intermediate links did not exist very long, they had virtually no chance of becoming fossilized (if they're not around for very long, how can there be fossils?)
37
what problems mentioned in this module still exist for those who believe in punctuated equilibrium?
structural homology and molecular biology still say that macroevolution (even by punctuated equilibrium) could not have happened
38
true or false: the immutability of species was held as universally scientifically correct before Darwin's time
true
39
Darwin's work was the catalyst of science seriously considering the idea that life got here without ____
God/any driving force
40
what was the main idea that Thomas Malthus's work gave to Darwin?
competition
41
neo-Darwinism views Darwin's theory in light of DNA ____
mutation
42
why is the theory of evolution really just a hypothesis, and not a theory?
it's not testable or repeatable
43
explain charles lyell's theory that the present is key to the past
in order to understand the present you need to understand the past another def: everything happening now is a reflection of the past. by observing the present, we can gain new insights to use in understanding the past
44
what is the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
how many organisms can survive in their habitat/ecosystem
45
of the three types of rock, in which are fossils found?
sedimentary
46
who believed that people with a Biblical worldview are ignorant, stupid and insane?
richard dawkins
47
define punctuated equilibrium
evolution occurs quickly and then there's nothing for long periods of time
48
what is gradualism?
another name for neo-Darwinism
49
what is structural homology
○ the study of similar structures in different species ○ even though things LOOK similar, their DNA does NOT
50
is structural homology FOR or AGAINST evolution? why or why not
structural homology is AGAINST evolution because: ○ even though different organisms (such as apes & humans) have similar structures in their body, the DNA is DIFFERENT, so there CAN'T be evolution
51
what is molecular biology?
the field that studies the properties and structures of the molecules important to biology easy def: biology at a molecular level
52
from a genetic POV, what is the main difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
○ in microevolution, DNA is the same ○ in macroevolution, DNA is different
53
what is the starting material for some new genes?
non-coding DNA
54
give evidence for macroevolution, against macroevolution, or inconclusive & explain: The geological column
INCONCLUSIVE - over time, species evolved from simple to more complex forms (macroevolution) - we don’t know for certain the full scale of the geological column and point out the Cambrian explosion (microevolution)
55
give evidence for macroevolution, against macroevolution, or inconclusive & explain: The fossil record
AGAINST - not enough fossil record of transitional forms
56
give evidence for macroevolution, against macroevolution, or inconclusive & explain: Structural homology
AGAINST - homologous structures couldn't have been inherited from a common ancestor - diff DNA
57
give evidence for macroevolution, against macroevolution, or inconclusive & explain: Molecular biology
AGAINST - there are different proteins that aren't identical from species to species
58
where did darwin do most of the work that led to his hypothesis of evolution?
the HMS Beagle
59
if a bacterium has a mutation that makes it resistant to an antibiotic, does information get added to its genetic code?
no
60
what is a fossil?
preserved remains of once living organisms
61
describe evolution
○ a gradually branching family tree showing living organisms becoming more complex over time ○ was the first time that science seriously considered the idea that life got here without God ○ believed in a single common ancestor ○ “descent with modification” ○ secular scientists believe that this unifies all of biology
62
why do so many scientists believe in macroevolution?
○ Indoctrination - creation isn't taught at all; evolution is taught as a FACT in public schools ○ most scientists do not investigate the data on their own - no time! ○ peer pressure - ridicule or unemployment are common for outspoken creationists
63
what can be used as an objection against Darwin’s theory?
not being able to find transitional forms

bio module 8 (1 decks)

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