Module 9

Question 1

what sustainable development goal is focused on water

Answer 1

Goal 6, clean water and sanitation. “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”

Question 2

where is most of the water excluding the ocean and ice

Answer 2

groundwater

Question 3

groundwater

Answer 3

water beneath the surface (subsurface) of the earth. it fills cracks, cavities, and pore spaces

Question 4

how does groundwater move

Answer 4

it moves through sediments and rocks. if goes from areas of recharge to areas of discharge

Question 5

areas of recharge

Answer 5

hills, mountains, and areas of precipitation. topographic highs

Question 6

areas of discharge

Answer 6

streams, lakes, oceans, etc.

Question 7

aquifer

Answer 7

a rock or sediment that holds and transmits enough water to be useful as a source of water

Question 8

aquitard

Answer 8

a rock or sediment with slow rates of water movement

Question 9

examples of aquifers

Answer 9

sand, sandstone, gravel

Question 10

examples of aquitards

Answer 10

shale, clay, till

Question 11

porosity

Answer 11

volume of open space (pore space) within a body of rock or sediment. all space notoccupied my solid material

Question 12

permeability

Answer 12

measure of how readily fluids pass through material

Question 13

how do we learn about what lies below the ground surface

Answer 13

look for exposures, drilling cores (boreholes), geophysics, and ground penetrating radar

Question 14

where are good exposures of subsurface

Answer 14

along creeks, lakeshore bluffs, and in quarries

Question 15

drilling cores

Answer 15

taking samples of subsurface sediment/rock

Question 16

artesian aquifers

Answer 16

confined

Question 17

water table aquifer

Answer 17

unconfined aquifer

Question 18

geophysical probes

Answer 18

placed in wells to measure physical properties of the materials

Question 19

what can geophysical probes measure

Answer 19

gamma radiation, conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility

Question 20

ground penetrating radar

Answer 20

GPR uses radiowaves to image the changes in properties of subsurface materials at relatively shallow locations (<25m)

Question 21

what can GPR locate

Answer 21

buried pipes, unmarked graves, and also archaeological applications

Question 22

what stratigraphy is left as a result of glaciers in southern ontario

Answer 22

alternating layers of fine-grained sediment, and coarse-sediments, which forms a “layer cake” of aquifers and aquitards

Question 23

fine grained sediment (aquitards)

Answer 23

tills, lake muds

Question 24

coarse-grained sediments (aquifers)

Answer 24

sands, gravel

Question 25

why is permafrost important to canadians

Answer 25

40% of land area underlain by permafrost (50% in 70-90s). 25% Earths total land area

Question 26

where is permafrost common

Answer 26

periglacial (cold climate) areas which undergo seasonal freezing and thawing

Question 27

what does melting of permafrost cause

Answer 27

structural damage, infrastructure at risk, triggers landslides