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Biology > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classifying of organisms

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2
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Naming an organism with its genus and species name

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3
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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5
Q

Saprophyte

A

An organism that feeds on dead matter

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6
Q

Endospore

A

A thick internal wall (made of several hard layers), produced by the bacterium, that closes its DNA and other essential parts

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7
Q

Conjugation

A

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

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8
Q

Transformation

A

The transfer of a DNA segment from a non-functional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell

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9
Q

Transduction

A

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another

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10
Q

Virus

A

A noncellular infectious agent that has two characteristics:
(1) It has genetic material (DNA and RNA) inside a protective protein coat
(2) It must infect a living cell in order to reproduce

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11
Q

Lytic cycle

A

A virus enters a cell, hijacks the host cell’s DNA replication system, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst, releasing more viruses

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12
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

A virus enters a cell, embeds DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

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13
Q

Vaccine

A

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body’s production of antibodies that aid in destroying the pathogen

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14
Q

What are the taxonomic classification groups used by scientists in order?

A

Domains, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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15
Q

An organism is a multicellular consumer made of eukaryotic cells. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Animalia

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16
Q

An organism is a single-celled consumer made of prokaryotic cells and lives in boiling-hot water. To what domain does it belong?

A

Archaea

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17
Q

An organism is made up of one eukaryotic cell. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Protista

18
Q

An organism is multicellular and autotrophic. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Plantea

19
Q

An organism is multicellular with eukaryotic cells. It is a decomposer. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Fungi

20
Q

According to their body structure, how are bacteria classified?

A

Bacteria are usually found in one of these three body shapes: coccus (round or spherical shaped), bacillus (rod shaped), and spirillum (spiral shaped)

21
Q

What is the most popular means by which bacteria obtain food?

A

Most bacteria are heterotrophic decomposers

22
Q

What type of bacterium has a cell wall made of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and readily absorbs the purple-blue dye, and becomes stained purple?

A

Gram-positive bacterium

23
Q

What type of bacterium has a cell wall that is not made of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and shows a red-pink color?

A

Gram-negative bacterium

24
Q

What is asexual reproduction in bacteria called?

A

Binary fission

25
Q

List the basic steps in asexual reproduction among bacteria

A

At first, the DNA loop attaches to a point on the plasma membrane. After that, the DNA is copied, and the copy is attached to a point on the plasma membrane near the original. Then the cell wall elongates, which separates the two loops of DNA. Once they are sufficiently separated, new cell wall and plasma membrane material grow, closing the two loops off from each other. Eventually, the cell wall and plasma membrane pinch down.

26
Q

A sample of food is dehydrated, which kills all of the bacteria. However, in a few days, bacteria-free water is added to the food in a bacteria-free environment. Nevertheless, microscopic investigations indicate that bacteria are in the food. How did the bacteria get there?

A

The bacteria that are there were in the food as endospores

27
Q

What are the three ways genetic recombination can occur in bacteria?

A

Conjugation, transformation, transduction

28
Q

Even though genetic recombination among bacteria does not result in offspring, it can significantly affect the growth of the population. Why?

A

Because it can pass a trait from one bacterium to another. If that trait allows the recipient to survive conditions that it otherwise wouldn’t, the population is affected, because the recipient continues to live and reproduce asexually

29
Q

What 5 conditions are ideal for most bacteria to grow and reproduce?

A

Moisture, moderate temperatures, nutrition, darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen

30
Q

What methods exist to reduce the chance of bacterial contamination of food?

A

You could heat the food so that most bacteria die and then seal it away from fresh air, dehydrate the food, freeze the food, or refrigerate the food

31
Q

What are some examples of bioremediation?

A

To treat sewage, to remove oil from water in oil spills, to cleanup mining sites, to remove pesticides and other chemicals from land or water

32
Q

If a virus uses DNA as its genetic material, is it alive? Why or why not?

A

No virus is alive, because a virus cannot reproduce on its own

33
Q

What is the general structure of viruses?

A

Most viruses are composed of a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and a protein coat called a capsid

34
Q

What is the most effective way to reduce the spread of bacterial and viral infections?

A

Good hygiene is the best way to prevent spread of infection

35
Q

Why is the statement, “All bacteria cause disease” incorrect?

A

Because there are many bacteria that are helpful to humans and important in recycling chemicals like carbon and nitrogen

36
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

A

To trick the immune system into making antibodies for a particular virus

37
Q

In what major ways are archaea different from bacteria?

A

Archaea has complex RNA polymerases, some genes that have introns, practically immune to antibiotics, and cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan. Bacteria does not have complex RNA polymerases, no genes that have introns, killed by antibiotics, and cell walls that do contain peptidoglycan.

38
Q

How do scientists identify bacteria?

A

By cell shape, cell wall structure, and method of movement

39
Q

What are the three groups of domains (plus subtitle)?

A

Archaea (prokaryotic extremophiles), bacteria (other prokaryotes), and eukarya (all other organisms)

40
Q

When the arrangement of bacteria begins with di-, strepto-, and staphylo-, what does it mean?

A

It means that the colony di- has two bacteria, the colony strepto- is shaped as a chain, and the colony staphylo- is shaped as a cluster.

41
Q

What are the two kinds of bacterial poisons?

A

Bacteria makes exotoxins, which are poisonous proteins they secrete (produce), or endotoxins, which are poisonous cell wall components

42
Q

What kingdoms are in the domain Eukarya (plus description)?

A

Protista (composed of one eukaryotic cell or a simple association of cells), Fungi (mostly decomposers), Plantea (mostly autotrophs), and Animalia (heterotrophs but not decomposers)

Biology (18 decks)

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