Module 9 Fluid, Electrolyte,and Acid Base Balance

Question 1

what are the two largest constituents of the body fluids?

Answer 1

water and electrolytes

Question 2

the four(4) main functions of water in the body are?

Answer 2

1. to act as a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and from the cells.
2. to aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates.
3. to assist in mainenance of H balance in the body
4. to serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion

Question 3

more than ____ of the body’s weight is water.

Answer 3

half.

Question 4

the greater amount of fat in the body would increase or decrease the amount of water volume in the body?

Answer 4

it would decrease because fat contains less fat then other tissues.

Question 5

body water continuously moves where in the body?

Answer 5

in and out of the blood, through the lymph vessels, between the cells, and in and out of the cells.

Question 6

electrolytes

Answer 6

are minerals or salts that are dissolved in body fluid

Question 7

how are electrolytes measured?

Answer 7

mEq/L

Question 8

the difference between ions, cations, and anions.

Answer 8

ions are the particles that have a tiny electrical charge, cations are the positive charge; anions are the negative charge.

Question 9

the major source of electrolytes is from where?

Answer 9

the diet you consume.

Question 10

Normal range of Sodium (Na)

Answer 10

135-145 mEq/L

Question 11

normal range of Potassium (K)

Answer 11

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 12

normal range of Calcium (Ca)

Answer 12

8.4-10.6 mg/dl

Question 13

normal range of Magnesium (Mg)

Answer 13

1.3-2.1 mg/dl

Question 14

Phosphate (PO4)

Answer 14

2.7-4.5 mg/dL

Question 15

Chloride (CL )

Answer 15

96-106 mEq/L

Question 16

Bicarbonate(HCO3)

Answer 16

22-26 mEq/L

Question 17

nonelectrolytes

Answer 17

the intermediate products of metabolism– amino acids (protiens), glucose, and fatty acids are all nonelectrolytes. They remain bound together when dissolved in body fluid.

Question 18

Blood

Answer 18

the body has 4 to 6 L of circulating blood volume. Erthrocytes, Leukocytes, platelets, are the blood cells that are carried in plasma.

Question 19

intracellular

Answer 19

2/3 of total body fluid. within the cell high in potassium content

Question 20

extracellular

Answer 20

1/3 of total body water outside of the cell.. transports water, nutrients, oxygen to and from the cells. High in sodium content. regulated by renal, metabolic, and neurologic factors.

Question 21

ECF has three types:

Answer 21

intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular

Question 22

dehydration(quick def)

Answer 22

removal of water from a tissue

Question 23

hypovolemia (quick def)

Answer 23

decreased volume of plasma

Question 24

intravascular fluid

Answer 24

fluid within blood vessels; consists of plasma and fluid with cells, large amounts of protein and electrolytes

Question 25

interstitial fluid

Answer 25

fluid in spaces surrounding the cells, high in sodium content

Question 26

transcellular fluid

Answer 26

saliva, aqueous humor, pleural, synovial, gastro, unirnary, peritoneal fluids

Question 27

the main organ through which fluid excretion is achieved?

Answer 27

the kidneys

Question 28

what hormones can affect urine output

Answer 28

ADH, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

Question 29

what happens when ADH increases?

Answer 29

the renal tubules reabsorb more water, and urine output decreases.

Question 30

more ADH is released how?

Answer 30

when the blood becomes more concentrated, circulating blood volume is decreased, or the person is expierencing pain, nausea, or stress

Question 31

aldosterone is released by what?

Answer 31

by the adrenal cortex when ECF volume is low or when sodium concentration is elevated, causing reabsorbtion of sodium from kidney tubules.

Question 32

ANP does what

Answer 32

acts to protect the body from fluid overload and is released from sites in the myocardium and the brain.

Question 33

diffusion

Answer 33

is the process by which substances move back and forth across the membrane until they are evenly distributed throughout the available space. think of COFFEE and CREAM

Question 34

osmosis

Answer 34

refers to the movement of pure liquid across a membrane. H2O is diffused from osmosis.

Question 35

isotonic

Answer 35

solution of equal solute concentration

Question 36

hypertonic

Answer 36

greater concentration

Question 37

hypotonic

Answer 37

of less concentration

Question 38

filtration

Answer 38

is the movement of water and suspended substances outward through a semiermable membrane

Question 39

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 39

pressure exerted by fluid; the force promotes filtration, forcing movement of water and electrolytes through the capillary wall to the interstitial fluid.

Question 40

active transport

Answer 40

requires cellular energy, this force can move molecules into cells regardless of their electrical charge or the concentrations already in the cell. may be able to move a substance from high to low concentration

Question 41

what is the energy source for active transport

Answer 41

ATP

Question 42

signs and symptoms of dehydration

Answer 42

dizzy, confusion, cool dry skin, dark urine, decreased BP, UO, dry lips, thirst, weak,

Question 43

it is important to remember that water follows what?

Answer 43

sodium in the body, the sodium concentration causes an osmotic pull, and water goes to where that concentration is highest.

Question 44

those at risk for deficient fluid volume are whome?

Answer 44

patients unable to take in quanities of fluid, patients who lose excessive amounts of fluid through vomitting or diarrhea.

Question 45

treatments that can cause dehydradtion are?

Answer 45

diuretic therapy and gastrointestinal suction without fluid replacement.

Question 46

where do you check for skin tugor?

Answer 46

over the abdomen, forarm, sternum, forhead, or thigh

Question 47

in the infant what is a big sign of dehydration

Answer 47

sunked eyeballs, and dpression of the anterior fontanel

Question 48

how can you have too much fluid?

Answer 48

if they reiceve fluid to quickly, are given tap water enemas, or are persuaded to drink more fluids than they can elimante

Question 49

sings of overhydration

Answer 49

weight gain, crackles in the lungs, slow bounding pulse, elevated blood pressure, and possibly edema

Question 50

what else can occur with overhydration

Answer 50

hypervolemia

Question 51

hypevolemia

Answer 51

excessive blood volume

Question 52

in the bedridden patients the fluid accumlates in what region

Answer 52

the sacral region ( dependent edema)

Question 53

where is edema most visible

Answer 53

hands and the face

Question 54

causes of edema

Answer 54

1. kidney failure 2. heart failure. 3. live failure. 4. hormonal disorders involving the overproduction of aldosterone and ADH

Question 55

local edema may be caused by what?

Answer 55

infection or injury and the resulting inflammation