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Anatomy - Modules 8-10 > Module 9A - Abdomen > Flashcards

Module 9A - Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal cavity location

A

Between thoracic diaphragm and pelvic inlet

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2
Q

What protects the abdominal organs?

A

Lower ribs
Muscular abdominal wall
Pelvis

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3
Q

Transtubercular plane location

A

Level of iliac tubercles and body of L5

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4
Q

Subcostal plane location

A

Level of inferior borders of 10th costal cartilage on each side

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5
Q

9 region system of abdomen

A 
Hypochondriac (R/L)
Lumbar (R/L)
Inguinal (R/L)
Epigastric 
Umbilical 
Hypogastric
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6
Q

Two horizontal planes of abdomen (9 region system)

A

Transtubercular

Subcostal

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7
Q

Two vertical planes of abdomen (9 region system)

A

R/L midclavicular planes

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8
Q

Horizontal plane of abdomen (quadrant system)

A

Transumbilical plane

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9
Q

Transumbilical plane location

A

Level of umbilicus and L3-L4 disc space

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10
Q

Vertical plane of abdomen (quadrant system)

A

Median plane

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11
Q

RUQ contents

A
  • Liver/gallbladder
  • Pylorus of stomach, duodenum, ascending/R half of transverse colon
  • Head of pancreas
  • R kidney
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12
Q

LUQ contents

A
  • L lobe of liver, jejunum, ileum, descending/L half of transverse colon
  • Spleen
  • Body & tail of pancreas
  • L kidney
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13
Q

RLQ contents

A
  • Cecum, inferior portion of ascending colon, appendix
  • R ureter, bladder (if distended)
  • R ovary, R uterine tube, uterus (if enlarged)
  • Spermatic cord - abdominal part
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14
Q

LLQ contents

A
  • Sigmoid colon, inferior portion of descending colon
  • L ureter, bladder (if distended)
  • L ovary, L uterine tube, uterus (if enlarged)
  • Spermatic cord - abdominal part
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15
Q

Abdominal superficial fascia is composed of 2 layers:

A
  • Camper’s fascia (fatty)

- Scarpa’s fascia (membranous, inner layer)

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16
Q

Transverse fascia of abdominal wall

A
  • Lines inner portion of transverse abdominal wall

- Continous with linea alba

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17
Q

Anterolateral abdominal wall is composed of:

A
  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia (Camper’s, Scarpa’s)
  • Deep fascia
  • Muscles
  • Transverse fascia
  • Extraperitoneal fat
  • Parietal and visceral peritoneal layers
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18
Q

Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall

A 
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominal
Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
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19
Q

External oblique attachments

A

Ribs 5-12 + linea alba/anterior half of iliac crest

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20
Q

External oblique innervation

A 
Thoracic nerves (T5-T12)
*NOTE: T12 nerve is called subcostal nerve
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21
Q

External oblique actions

A

Flex and rotate trunk
Compress viscera (assists w/expiration)
Support viscera/spine

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22
Q

Inguinal ligament is formed by:

A

Inferior aponeuroses of external oblique (fold back on itself)

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23
Q

Internal oblique attachments

A

Thoracolumbar fascia/anterior iliac crest/lateral inguinal ligament + ribs 10-12/linea alba

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24
Q

Internal oblique innervation

A

Thoracic nerves (T6-12) and first lumbar nerves

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25
Q

Internal oblique actions

A

Flex and rotate trunk
Compress viscera (assists w/expiration)
Support viscera/spine

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26
Q

Transverse abdominal attachments

A

Costal cartilage 7-12/TL fascia/iliac crest + linea alba

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27
Q

Transverse abdominal innervation

A

Thoracic nerves (T6-12) and first lumbar nerves

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28
Q

Transverse abdominal actions

A 
Compress viscera (assists w/expiration)
Support viscera/spine
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29
Q

Rectus abdominis attachments

A

Costal cartilages 5-7/xiphoid process + pubic symphysis/crest

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30
Q

Rectus abdominis innervation

A

Thoracic nerves (T6-T12)

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31
Q

Rectus abdominis actions

A

Flexes trunk
Compress viscera (assists w/expiration)
Support viscera/spine

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32
Q

Rectus sheath is formed by aponeuroses of:

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominal

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33
Q

Rectus sheath encloses:

A

Rectus abdominis

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34
Q

Arcuate line location

A

Between level of umbilicus and pubic symphysis

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35
Q

Above the arcuate line:

A

Posterior portion of rectus sheath covers rectus abdominis

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36
Q

Below the arcuate line:

A

Rectus sheath travels anterior to rectus abdominis

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37
Q

Linea alba

A

Fibrous band of connective tissue located between the R/L rectus abdominis muscles

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38
Q

Linea alba is attachment for:

A

Oblique and transverse abdominal muscles

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39
Q

Inguinal ligament extends between:

A

ASIS and pubic tubercle

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40
Q

Inguinal ligament is formed by:

A

Folded aponeurosis of external oblique

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41
Q

Inguinal canal contents

A

Males: spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve
Females: round ligament of uterus, ilioinguinal nerve

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42
Q

Inguinal canal - anterior/posterior/superior/inferior borders

A
  • Anterior: aponeurosis of external & internal oblique
  • Posterior: transverse fascia
  • Superior: Fibers of transverse abdominal and internal oblique
  • Inferior: inguinal ligament (formed by inferior fold of external oblique)
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43
Q

Two openings to the inguinal canal:

A

Superficial (external) ring

Deep (internal) ring

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44
Q

Superficial ring of inguinal canal formed by:

A

An arch in external oblique aponeurosis

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45
Q

Deep ring of inguinal canal formed by:

A

Transverse fascia

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46
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

Bowel protrudes through deep ring and descends through inguinal canal

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47
Q

Direct inguinal hernia

A

Bowel protrudes through defect in anterior abdominal wall

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48
Q

MC site of direct inguinal hernia

A

Hesselbach’s triangle

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49
Q

Hesselbach’s triangle borders

A

Lateral border of rectus abdominis
Inguinal ligament
Inferior epigastric artery/vein

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50
Q

Mesentary

A
  • Double layered fold of peritoneum
  • Suspends or connects organ to posterior abdominal wall
  • Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves
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51
Q

Greater omentum

A
  • Peritoneal fold that hangs down from greater curvature of abdomen
  • Loops back up to attach to transverse colon
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52
Q

Lesser omentum

A

-Double layer of peritoneum that attaches to stomach and proximal duodenum and then attaches to liver

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53
Q

Peritoneal ligament

A

Doubled layer of peritoneum that attaches an organ to the abdominal wall or another organ

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54
Q

Two examples of peritoneal ligament

A 
Falciform ligament (liver to anterior abdominal wall)
Gastrosplenic ligament (spleen to stomach)
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55
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A
  • Suspended and covered anteriorly/posteriorly by peritoneum

- Did not invaginate into peritoneum during development

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56
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A
  • Covered anteriorly by one layer of peritoneum

- Did not invaginate into peritoneum during development

57
Q

3 divisions of abdominal viscera

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

58
Q

Foregut - boundaries and blood supply

A

Oropharynx to hepatopancreatic ampulla

Celiac trunk

59
Q

Midgut - boundaries and blood supply

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla to distal 1/3 transverse colon

Superior mesenteric artery

60
Q

Hindgut - boundaries and blood supply

A

Distal 1/3 transverse colon to anus

Inferior mesenteric artery

61
Q

Esophagus definition

A

Muscular tube connects pharynx to stomach

62
Q

Esophagus passes through diaphragm in _____

A

Esophageal hiatus

63
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter location and muscles

A
  • Junction of pharynx and esophagus

- Inferior pharyngeal constrictors and cricopharyngeus muscles

64
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter location and muscles

A
  • Junction of esophagus and stomach

- Smooth muscle

65
Q

Divisions of stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

66
Q

Muscular layers of stomach

A

Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal

67
Q

Rugae

A
  • Gastric folds
  • Large longitudinal in mucosal folds of stomach
  • Will flatten out with food in stomach
68
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Connects stomach to small intestine

69
Q

Divisions of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

70
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Proximal portion has mesenteric attachments and is “intraperitoneal”
  • Becomes “retroperitoneal”
71
Q

Major landmark of internal surface of duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

72
Q

Pancreas function

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

73
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Secrete bile

74
Q

Ligament of Treitz

A
  • Loops over esophageal hiatus in diaphragm

- Peritoneal fold at junction of duodenum and jejunum

75
Q

Jejunum

A

-Loops tend to be found in the LUQ

76
Q

Ileum

A
  • Loops tend to be fuond in RLQ

- Terminates at ileocecal valve

77
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Connection of ileum to cecum of large intestine

-Site of Vit B12 absorption

78
Q

External wall of large intestine comprised of:

A

Taeniae coli

Haustra

79
Q

Taeniae coli

A

3 bands of longitudinal muscle - converge at appendix

80
Q

Haustra

A

Sacculations of the large intestine formed by contractions oft he taeniae coli

81
Q

Divisions of large intestine (proximal to distal)

A 
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
82
Q

Appendix location

A

RLQ at McBurney’s point

83
Q

McBurney’s point

A

Approx. halfway between ASIS and umbilicus

84
Q

Cecum

A

Junction of ileum and large intestine separated by ileocecal valve

85
Q

Ascending colon

A

Retroperitoneal

86
Q

Transverse colon

A

Intraperitoneal

87
Q

Descending colon

A

Retroperitoneal

88
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Intraperitoneal

89
Q

Diverticula

A

Abnormal sacs or pouches

90
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation or rupture (perforation) of diverticula

91
Q

Primary function of sigmoid colon

A

Storage of feces

92
Q

Spleen location and protected by?

A

LUQ - intraperitoneal - near tail of pancreas
lower ribs 9-12
*Difficult to palpate if WNL

93
Q

If enlarged, what position can the spleen be palpated?

A

R lateral decubitus

94
Q

Functions of spleen

A

Filter RBCs - removes old or abnormal
Storage of platelets
Lymphatic/immune functions

95
Q

Divisions of pancreas

A

Head, neck, body, tail

96
Q

Location of pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal
Crosses midline of abdomen
Head in close contact with duodenum
Tail in close contact with spleen

97
Q

Ducts of the pancreas

A 
Main pancreatic duct (Wirsung)
Accessory duct (Santorini)
98
Q

Main pancreatic duct

A
  • Joins with bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

- Opens into descending duodenum via major duodenal papilla

99
Q

Functions of pancreas

A

Endocrine - Islets of Langherhans releases hormones

Exocrine - digestive enzymes

100
Q

Liver location

A

Intraperitoneal

RUQ and LUQ

101
Q

Liver is attached in peritoneal cavity via:

A

Falciform ligament

Lesser omentum

102
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Peritoneal fold attaches to anterior abdominal wall

103
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Peritoneal fold attaches to lesser curvature of stomach

104
Q

Surfaces of the liver

A

Diaphragmatic

Visceral

105
Q

Diaphragmatic surface of liver

A

Dome shaped to match contour of diaphragm

*Anterior, superior, posterior portions of liver

106
Q

Visceral surface of liver

A

Primarily posterior and inferior portions of liver

107
Q

T/F: R and L portions of liver operate independently of each other

A

True

108
Q

Cantlie’s line

A
  • Imaginary line between gallbladder and IVC
  • Marks functional divisions of liver
  • Each division has its own blood supply, portal system, bile drainage system
109
Q

Anatomical lobes of the liver

A

Left lobe
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe
Right lobe

110
Q

Functional right lobe of liver

A

Anatomical right lobe

111
Q

Functional left lobe of liver

A

Anatomical left + caudate + quadrate lobes

112
Q

Functions of liver

A 
Filter circulating toxins/drugs/hormones
Active role in metabolism of macros
Endocrine
Activation of vit D
Synth and secretion of bile
113
Q

Hepatic portal system - what does “portal” mean?

A

Vein located between 2 capillary beds

114
Q

Hepatic portal system capillary beds

A

GI tract and liver

115
Q

How does hepatic portal system work?

A
  • Blood travels from heart to GI tract
  • O2 delivered to GI structures, nutrients picked up from GI
  • Nutrients go directly to liver via portal vein
  • After filtering through liver, blood leaves via hepatic veins and eventually drain into IVC
116
Q

How does the liver receive oxygen?

A

Direct arterial supply from heart via hepatic artery

  • 30% is from direct arterial supply
  • 70% is via oxygen-poor blood from portal vein
117
Q

What is porta hepatis?

A
  • Exit/entrance for portal vein, hepatic ducts, hepatic artery
  • Located on visceral surface of liver
118
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Destruction of hepatocytes and replacement with fibrous tissue

119
Q

What is portal hypertension?

A

Blood flow will “reverse” and flow into IVC via 3 anastomoses (gut, butt, caput)

120
Q

Where are the anastomoses that reverse blood flow in portal hypertension?

A
  • Esophagus (forms varices, can bleed)
  • Rectum (forms hemorrhoids)
  • Epigastric veins in anterior abdominal wall (forms “caput medusae”)
121
Q

Caput medusae

A

Dilated superficial veins of abdomen

122
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid within peritoneal cavity due to portal hypertension

123
Q

Gallbladder location

A
  • Gallbladder fossa of visceral surface of liver

- Close proximity to proximal duodenum

124
Q

Cystic duct

A

Leaves gallbladder to merge with common hepatic duct

125
Q

Bile pathway

A

Gallbladder > cystic duct > common bile duct > main pancreatic duct > hepatopancreatic ampulla > main duodenal papilla

126
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into duodenum via:

A

Main duodenal papilla

127
Q

Sphincter of bile duct is located:

A

Distal end of bile duct

128
Q

If sphincter of bile duct is contracted:

A

Bile is unable to flow to small intestine and backs up into gallbladder for storage

129
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A 
Duodenum (except proximal)
Ascending, Descending colon
Rectum
Pancreas (except tail)
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Ureters
Abdominal aorta and IVC
130
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A 
Stomach
Prox. duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Transverse, Sigmoid colon
Liver and gallbladder
Tail of pancreas
Spleen
131
Q

Abdominal aorta branches from superior to inferior

A 
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac
132
Q

Name branches of celiac trunk

A

Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery

133
Q

Gonadal arteries pass through:

A

Inguinal canal with ductus deferens/round ligament of uterus

134
Q

Common iliac arteries are ____ branches of abdominal aorta

A

Terminal

135
Q

Common iliac arteries bifurcate at:

A

L4

136
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies:

A

Hindgut

137
Q

Superior mesenteric artery supplies:

A

Midgut

138
Q

Celiac trunk supplies:

A

Foregut

Anatomy - Modules 8-10 (5 decks)

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