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gem 1 > module a > Flashcards

module a Flashcards

1
Q

largest rough diamond ever found, originally weighted 3106 carats 9 stones, reside with British royal family and crown jewels

A

cullian diamond (I-IX)

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2
Q

530.2 carats star of africa
mounted on royal scepter
360 million usd

A

cullian 1

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3
Q

317.4 carats

mounted on imperial state crown

A

cullian 2

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4
Q

deep blue colour, lack of internal flaws, 45.52 carats, shows vsi clarity
from India, at Smithsonian

A

hope diamond

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5
Q

755.5 rough carats, 545.67 cut carats, africa

A

golden jubilee

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6
Q

217 carat emerald, rectangular shape, colimbia, inscribed with islamic texts

A

mogul emerald

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7
Q

632 carats, 126 grams, columbian emerald

A

Patricia emerald

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8
Q

rubies originating from burma (myanmar),

A

regal rubies

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9
Q

15.97 carats, used as engagement ring,

A

mogok ruby/alan caplan ruby

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10
Q

produces 11% of worlds gold

A

south africa

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11
Q

largest non chinese company producer of gold

A

barrick gold in canada

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12
Q

pgm stands for

A

platinum group metals

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13
Q

five metals commonly found associated with platinum (Pt)

A

palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru)

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14
Q

main producers of pgm

A

south africa (79%), russia (12%), canada (4%), us (2%).

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15
Q

largest producer of platinum with several operations in south africa and canada

A

anglo platinum group ltd

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16
Q

steps in bringin diamond into market

A

1 geological prospecting and exploration
2 mine development and mining
3 sorting valuing and sighting of rough stones
4 cutting and polishing into finished diamonds
5 jewellery manufacturing and distribution
6 retail stores and sales
7 end consumer

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17
Q

an industry driven set of regulations was adopted by the majority of the diamond producing and consuming countries of the world in a fight to quench the trade of illicit diamonds

A

the kimberley process

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18
Q

consists of continental and oceanic crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

A

lithosphere

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19
Q

rich in minerals, containing silicon (Si)

ticker than oceanic crust

A

continental crust

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20
Q

high in iron (Fe), thinner than continental crust

A

oceanic crust

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21
Q

the upper mantel material acts as a relatively soft, lubricating layer over which the crustal lithosphere plates move

A

asthenosphere

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22
Q

hot viscous layer, has motions of convection currents

A

mantle

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23
Q

this layer is liquid

A

outer core

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24
Q

this layer is solid, and has metallic composition

A

inner core

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25
Q

describes how plates and the continents move around the earth

A

theory of plate tectonics

26
Q

crystallized, (process sometimes called solidification) from the mantel material called magma

A

igneous

27
Q

are formed by alteration of pre existing rocks (igneous metamorphic and sedimentary), via metamorphism, involves heat and pressure and fluids percolating through the subsurface

A

metamorphic rocks

28
Q

formed by a number of processes and can generally he classified by: physical erosion and weather of another rock to form clastic sedimentary rock such as sandstone

A

sedimentary rock

29
Q

particles made of protons neutron and electrons

A

Atoms

30
Q

Matter composed of identical atoms

A

Elements

31
Q

The identity of an atam is determined by the number of protons it has (atomic number)

A

Protons

32
Q

Usually there are equal number of neutrons as protons in an atom; no electric charge

A

Neutrons

33
Q

Smaller in sized compared to others

A

Electrons

34
Q

The total number of neutrons and protons

A

Atomic mass

35
Q

Protons and electron are roughly the same size,and are located in the nucleus

A

Atomic structure

36
Q

Outside the nuclues are the elctrons which orbit the core

A

Electric cloud

37
Q

Ionic/atomic charge the sum of the charges of the 3 particles

A

Electrical charges

38
Q

Some atoms are prone to gaining electrons fro outside sources, results in a net negative charge

A

Ions

39
Q

The resulting charge, positive or negative

A

Valence state

40
Q

Positively charged ions

A

Cations

41
Q

Negatively charged ions

A

Anions

42
Q

Distance from the nucleus to the limit of the cloud; measured in unites called angstroms

A

Ionic radius

43
Q

There are 117, 90 only occur naturally

A

Elements

44
Q

Occurs between two atoms, one with a strong tendency to gain electrons (anion) and the other with a strong tendency to lose electrons (cation)

A

Ionic bonding

45
Q

Occurs when atoms hsare valence electrons between them (common in diamonds)

A

Covalent bonding

46
Q

Less common and occurs in metals like silver, gold, and copper, valence electrons in metallically bonded compounds are shared throughout the entire material and are free to move about

A

Metallic bonding

47
Q

Groups of elements (periodic table) (8)

A

Halogens, alkaline, transition metals, semi metals, metalloids, nonmetal, noble gasses, lanthanide, actinide.

48
Q

8 dominent elements in earths crust (98.5%)

A

Oxygen 46, silicon 27.5, aluminum 8, iron 5, calcium 4, sodium 3, potassium 3, magnesium 2,

49
Q

When elements occur by themselves in rock and not chemically bonded to other elements about 20 occur in their _____________

A

Native state

50
Q

When metals are exposed to oxygen in the air and react or corrode

A

Metal oxide

51
Q

Fe and Cu that react to oxygen and are normally found in nature either as oxide minerals or sulphide minerals (chemically bonded to sulphur)

A

Base metals

52
Q

Metals that do not react to oxygen, gold, silver, copper and platinum are the 4 primary native metals

A

Noble metals

53
Q

Common traits of native metal inerals that differentiate them from other minerals include:

A
  1. Good electrical conductivity
  2. Good thermal conductivity
  3. high densities
  4. Malleability
  5. Ductility
  6. Metallic luster
54
Q

A term to define the purity or fiteness of gold 24 is 100%

A

Karat

55
Q

The most common unit used for weighing gemstones its origins from carob

A

Carat

56
Q

Fundamental in a merals cyrstal structure and have a mjor impact on the resulting bulk properties

A

Major elements

57
Q

Present in smaller amounts and replace major elements in a mineral

A

Minor elements

58
Q

Found only in very small amounts and can either be a replacement for one of the major elements in a crystal structure or can be occupying holes in a crystal structure that are big enough for them to hide in

A

Trace elements

59
Q

When a minor element has similar charges and ionic radius to its major, can be trace element like in emerald

A

Goldilocks principle

60
Q

When one element substitutes for just one other element

A

Simple substitution

61
Q

When more than two elements are involved, occur because must remain neutral

A

Coupled subtitution

62
Q

Physical properties and mineral identification (11)

A

Colour, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, tenacity, hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, fluorescence

gem 1 (1 decks)

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