module a

Question 1

largest rough diamond ever found, originally weighted 3106 carats 9 stones, reside with British royal family and crown jewels

Answer 1

cullian diamond (I-IX)

Question 2

530.2 carats star of africa
mounted on royal scepter
360 million usd

Answer 2

cullian 1

Question 3

317.4 carats

mounted on imperial state crown

Answer 3

cullian 2

Question 4

deep blue colour, lack of internal flaws, 45.52 carats, shows vsi clarity
from India, at Smithsonian

Answer 4

hope diamond

Question 5

755.5 rough carats, 545.67 cut carats, africa

Answer 5

golden jubilee

Question 6

217 carat emerald, rectangular shape, colimbia, inscribed with islamic texts

Answer 6

mogul emerald

Question 7

632 carats, 126 grams, columbian emerald

Answer 7

Patricia emerald

Question 8

rubies originating from burma (myanmar),

Answer 8

regal rubies

Question 9

15.97 carats, used as engagement ring,

Answer 9

mogok ruby/alan caplan ruby

Question 10

produces 11% of worlds gold

Answer 10

south africa

Question 11

largest non chinese company producer of gold

Answer 11

barrick gold in canada

Question 12

pgm stands for

Answer 12

platinum group metals

Question 13

five metals commonly found associated with platinum (Pt)

Answer 13

palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru)

Question 14

main producers of pgm

Answer 14

south africa (79%), russia (12%), canada (4%), us (2%).

Question 15

largest producer of platinum with several operations in south africa and canada

Answer 15

anglo platinum group ltd

Question 16

steps in bringin diamond into market

Answer 16

1 geological prospecting and exploration
2 mine development and mining
3 sorting valuing and sighting of rough stones
4 cutting and polishing into finished diamonds
5 jewellery manufacturing and distribution
6 retail stores and sales
7 end consumer

Question 17

an industry driven set of regulations was adopted by the majority of the diamond producing and consuming countries of the world in a fight to quench the trade of illicit diamonds

Answer 17

the kimberley process

Question 18

consists of continental and oceanic crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

Answer 18

lithosphere

Question 19

rich in minerals, containing silicon (Si)

ticker than oceanic crust

Answer 19

continental crust

Question 20

high in iron (Fe), thinner than continental crust

Answer 20

oceanic crust

Question 21

the upper mantel material acts as a relatively soft, lubricating layer over which the crustal lithosphere plates move

Answer 21

asthenosphere

Question 22

hot viscous layer, has motions of convection currents

Answer 22

mantle

Question 23

this layer is liquid

Answer 23

outer core

Question 24

this layer is solid, and has metallic composition

Answer 24

inner core

Question 25

describes how plates and the continents move around the earth

Answer 25

theory of plate tectonics

Question 26

crystallized, (process sometimes called solidification) from the mantel material called magma

Answer 26

igneous

Question 27

are formed by alteration of pre existing rocks (igneous metamorphic and sedimentary), via metamorphism, involves heat and pressure and fluids percolating through the subsurface

Answer 27

metamorphic rocks

Question 28

formed by a number of processes and can generally he classified by: physical erosion and weather of another rock to form clastic sedimentary rock such as sandstone

Answer 28

sedimentary rock

Question 29

particles made of protons neutron and electrons

Answer 29

Atoms

Question 30

Matter composed of identical atoms

Answer 30

Elements

Question 31

The identity of an atam is determined by the number of protons it has (atomic number)

Answer 31

Protons

Question 32

Usually there are equal number of neutrons as protons in an atom; no electric charge

Answer 32

Neutrons

Question 33

Smaller in sized compared to others

Answer 33

Electrons

Question 34

The total number of neutrons and protons

Answer 34

Atomic mass

Question 35

Protons and electron are roughly the same size,and are located in the nucleus

Answer 35

Atomic structure

Question 36

Outside the nuclues are the elctrons which orbit the core

Answer 36

Electric cloud

Question 37

Ionic/atomic charge the sum of the charges of the 3 particles

Answer 37

Electrical charges

Question 38

Some atoms are prone to gaining electrons fro outside sources, results in a net negative charge

Answer 38

Ions

Question 39

The resulting charge, positive or negative

Answer 39

Valence state

Question 40

Positively charged ions

Answer 40

Cations

Question 41

Negatively charged ions

Answer 41

Anions

Question 42

Distance from the nucleus to the limit of the cloud; measured in unites called angstroms

Answer 42

Ionic radius

Question 43

There are 117, 90 only occur naturally

Answer 43

Elements

Question 44

Occurs between two atoms, one with a strong tendency to gain electrons (anion) and the other with a strong tendency to lose electrons (cation)

Answer 44

Ionic bonding

Question 45

Occurs when atoms hsare valence electrons between them (common in diamonds)

Answer 45

Covalent bonding

Question 46

Less common and occurs in metals like silver, gold, and copper, valence electrons in metallically bonded compounds are shared throughout the entire material and are free to move about

Answer 46

Metallic bonding

Question 47

Groups of elements (periodic table) (8)

Answer 47

Halogens, alkaline, transition metals, semi metals, metalloids, nonmetal, noble gasses, lanthanide, actinide.

Question 48

8 dominent elements in earths crust (98.5%)

Answer 48

Oxygen 46, silicon 27.5, aluminum 8, iron 5, calcium 4, sodium 3, potassium 3, magnesium 2,

Question 49

When elements occur by themselves in rock and not chemically bonded to other elements about 20 occur in their _____________

Answer 49

Native state

Question 50

When metals are exposed to oxygen in the air and react or corrode

Answer 50

Metal oxide

Question 51

Fe and Cu that react to oxygen and are normally found in nature either as oxide minerals or sulphide minerals (chemically bonded to sulphur)

Answer 51

Base metals

Question 52

Metals that do not react to oxygen, gold, silver, copper and platinum are the 4 primary native metals

Answer 52

Noble metals

Question 53

Common traits of native metal inerals that differentiate them from other minerals include:

Answer 53

1. Good electrical conductivity 2. Good thermal conductivity 3. high densities 4. Malleability 5. Ductility 6. Metallic luster

Question 54

A term to define the purity or fiteness of gold 24 is 100%

Answer 54

Karat

Question 55

The most common unit used for weighing gemstones its origins from carob

Answer 55

Carat

Question 56

Fundamental in a merals cyrstal structure and have a mjor impact on the resulting bulk properties

Answer 56

Major elements

Question 57

Present in smaller amounts and replace major elements in a mineral

Answer 57

Minor elements

Question 58

Found only in very small amounts and can either be a replacement for one of the major elements in a crystal structure or can be occupying holes in a crystal structure that are big enough for them to hide in

Answer 58

Trace elements

Question 59

When a minor element has similar charges and ionic radius to its major, can be trace element like in emerald

Answer 59

Goldilocks principle

Question 60

When one element substitutes for just one other element

Answer 60

Simple substitution

Question 61

When more than two elements are involved, occur because must remain neutral

Answer 61

Coupled subtitution

Question 62

Physical properties and mineral identification (11)

Answer 62

Colour, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, tenacity, hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, fluorescence