module three

Question 1

what is an open kinetic chain movement

Answer 1

where the distal segment can moved freely ie bicep curl

Question 2

what are some examples of cognative demands that all motor skills require?

Answer 2

planning, anticipating, scanning, timing and sequencing

Question 3

what is a closed skill?

Answer 3

preformed in a predicatable environment, planned ahead and self paced
ie long jump, gym.

Question 4

what is an open skill?

Answer 4

these are preformed in changing environments, continously have to be adapted to a changing environement. ie football, surfing, driving a car

Question 5

what are some reasons why we classify different movement types?

Answer 5

coaching/ training
clinical reasons
skill aquisition
to study performance

Question 6

what are in-phase movements compared to anti-phase movements?

Answer 6

in-phase is when bilateral muscles groups contract synchronously (ie diving into a pool, breast stroke) whereas anti-phase movements muscles contract in an alternating fashion (ie front crawl or gait cycle)

Question 7

what is co activation and what is its purpose?

Answer 7

muscles around a joint contracting together, function is for stabilising and protective.

Question 8

what is a closed kinetic chain movement

Answer 8

where the distal and the proximal ends are fixed, functional with increased muscle recruitment eg squat or pressup.

Question 9

what is the speed accuracy tradeoff?

Answer 9

The faster you move, the less accurately you move

Question 10

what is the cellular mechanism for how we produce more force?

Answer 10

in a sarcomere unit, the more actin and myosin that binds the more force is being produced.

Question 11

what is a sticking point?

Answer 11

part of the length tension relationship
some muscles are too short and some are too long so we arent able to generate as much force. this

Question 12

what is the mean optimal angle for elbow torque?

Answer 12

86degrees.

Question 13

how does the cross section of a muscle impact on force production?

Answer 13

muscles with a greater cross section are able produce more force as they have more muscle fibres.

Question 14

how does force production and velocity relate?

Answer 14

the greater the force production for the external load, the slower the velocity of the movement.

Question 15

how is growth of muscle non uniformed?

Answer 15

the morphology of the muscle reflects its use by the range in which it is trained

Question 16

what state are muscles in their strongest point

Answer 16

when they are in their isometric state, at a joint angle where the muscle is at resting length and the moment arm is optimal

Question 17

by using a greater range of motion the more ______

Answer 17

muscles you will engage

Question 18

what are two direct methods of measuring muscle force?

Answer 18

buckle transducter- metal buckle placed on muscle to measure contraction
fibre optic transducter

Question 19

what are the 4 anatomical constraints on sarcomere activation?

Answer 19

muscle morphology
muscle length
moment arm of muscle
contraction velocity

Question 20

what is power and what is its equation

Answer 20

work/ time
the rate at which work is done

Question 21

how to train power and how do you measure it?

Answer 21

1) stimulate as many muscle fibres as possible
2) stimulating the nervous system by moving quickly
3)use functional exercises

all you need to measure power is
displacement
time
body mass

Question 22

what determines aerobic power and threshold the most?

Answer 22

heart pumping capacity- cardiac output
oxygen content in blood
muscles- how many capillaries, mitochondria, glycogen , fibre composition etc

Question 23

on a graph, how does cardiovascular variables increase?

Answer 23

mostly linearly
*except O2 levels in the blood are stable

Question 24

on a graph how do neuro- endocrine levels increase

Answer 24

non linear

Question 25

on a graph how do respiratory variables increase

Answer 25

non linear *except gas levels in blood are stable

Question 26

what is ATP and the three forms of work that it drives?

Answer 26

ATP is the energy molecule used within the body to complete biological work, energy is stored in the high energy bonds in ATP. drives, chemical, mechanical and transport work

Question 27

why do we store only small amounts of ATP

Answer 27

only store small amounts ATP is heavy to store in the muscle

Question 28

Why have three energy systems

Answer 28

because they can be used for different energy demands in different exercises (intensity and duration) 1) Phosphagen 2) Aneorobic glycolysis 3) Aerobic system

Question 29

Which energy system fuels the majority of a 10s sprint, what about a 2km rowing race?

Answer 29

10s sprint= phosphagen- ATP stores in muscles, ATP regenerated through the splitting of phosphocreatine 2km rowing race= aerobic

Question 30

what are the initial substrates and end products of each system?

Answer 30

phosphagen: ADP+Phosphocreatine->ATP+ Creatine anearobic glycolysis: Glucose->2/3ATP + pyruvate acid

Question 31

when is fat usage increased in exercise? what about carbs?

Answer 31

Fat usage is increased when low intensity exercise is long in duration. carbs are the major energy contributor with higher intensity exercise

Question 32

is lactate good or bad and what are some reasons.

Answer 32

it is good because it acts as a buffer for the acidity produced from the H+ ions released from the breakdown of ATP. used as a valuable fuel conversion of pyruvate to lactate allows the process of glycolysis to continue.

Question 33

what is your basal metabolic rate determind by?

Answer 33

60-80% of your energy use is just from staying alive= your basal metabolic rate Your fat free mass

Question 34

what is the most accurate estimate of energy usage? what is the least?

Answer 34

oxygen consumption measurements. physical activity is the least

Question 35

how efficent is the human body at converting food energy into mechanical power output, where does the other energy go?

Answer 35

0-22% 2/3 of our energy is lost through heat

Question 36

how much energy does one litre of oxygen return?

Answer 36

20kj of energy per 1L of oxygen.

Question 37

what is the equation for efficiency?

Answer 37

(work rate/ metabolic rate) x 100

Question 38

what two things does a treadmill need to know so it can count calories (your energy usage)?

Answer 38

body mass energy efficiency

Question 39

how can we predict metabolic rate from our heart rate?

Answer 39

metabolic rate is linearly related to work rate heart rate is linearly related to VO2 max (and therefore workrate) can measure heartrate and determine metabolic rate from a graph

Question 40

how can we predict metabolic rate from work rate?

Answer 40

metabolic rate is linearly proportional to work rate MR=(WRx5)+RMR

Question 41

how do smart apps calculate metabolic rate, and what is their % of validity?

Answer 41

3% typical error they use complex algorithms which makes them hard to scrutinise

Question 42

how does movement capability change throughout our lifetime?

Answer 42

typically as we get older we become less mobile

Question 43

name some key factors that influence motor behaviour?

Answer 43

preparation postural control force and timing Coordination and laterality

Question 44

what values do peoples reaction times tend to vary between?

Answer 44

100-250ms

Question 45

what are some important considerations when preparing any motor response?

Answer 45

sensory information reaction time arousal attention

Question 46

what type of muscle fibres are predominant in a reaction respose?

Answer 46

type II fast twitch muscle fibres.

Question 47

what maintains our postural control?

Answer 47

central nervous system that uses multiple sensory inputs to monitor and coordinate position movements.

Question 48

what are anticipatory postural adjustments?

Answer 48

multiple muscle groups that are activated before movement to brace internal forces.

Question 49

why are humans able to throw so well relative to other animals?

Answer 49

because we are able to exploit our bilateral symmetry as we use our opposing limb to help ie controlling and optimising force application.

Question 50

what is a functional movement screening method for children?

Answer 50

movement ABC-2 20-30 mins, completing 30 items on a 6 point scale 3 sub- scales are -balance (stork stand) -ball skills (catching /throwing) -manual dexterity (shifting pegs by row)

Question 51

what 2 examples of a functional movement test for older people?

Answer 51

timed up and go test grip strength - upper extremity function

Question 52

what factors influence endurance?

Answer 52

max aerobic power economy exercise intensity

Question 53

what are three key performance factors in endurance fitness?

Answer 53

max aerobic power (V02 max) max sustainable threshold economy of movement (physiological and physical)

Question 54

what most determines aerobic threshold?

Answer 54

capability to deliver oxygen to muscles

Question 55

what most determines anaerobic threshold?

Answer 55

capability to use oxygen and energy in muscle