Module Two

Question 1

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

Answer 1

It determines IF and HOW substances move in and out of the cell

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Double layer

Question 2

The 2 proteins on plasma membrane

Answer 2

Integral proteins vs peripheral proteins

Integral - embedded within the lipid bolster
- channels for substances that cannot pass through the bilayer

Peripheral- not embedded/ attached to integral or float around
Cell membrane support

Question 3

What can lipid soluble substances do

Answer 3

Can pass through the membrane

Oxygen, carbon dioxide etc

Question 4

Integral proteins

Answer 4

Substances that are too large or lipid insoluble use them

They are substance specific

Question 5

Transport of water

Answer 5

It can freely cross through the plasma membrane even though it is lipid insoluble

Can also use a protein channel called aquaporins

Question 6

What are the two types of transport

Answer 6

Active and passive

Passive requires no energy - simple and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis

Active requires atp
Primarily active transport

Question 7

Simple diffusion

Answer 7

Down the concentration gradient

Continues until equilibrium

Question 8

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 8

Uses integral proteins
Down the concentration gradient

Uses leakage and gated channels

Question 9

Osmosis

Answer 9

Net diffusion of water through the selectivity permeable membrane

Down concentration gradient

Question 10

Active transport

Answer 10

Needs atp

Question 11

Endocytosis vs exocytosis

Answer 11

Particles that are too large to move across the membrane by diffusion

End- entering
Ex- exiting

Question 12

Isotonic - hypertonic - hypotonic

Answer 12

Isotonic- same concentration as cell
No change in cell volume or shape

Hypertonic - cell shrinks
Low water high solutes

Hypotonic- cell gets larger and can burst/ lyse
Low concentration high water

Question 13

Resting membrane potential

Answer 13

It is the voltage that exists across the plasma membrane

Generated by difference in sodium and potassium ion concentrations between the ecf and the icf

Maintained by the active transport of ions using the carrier protein called the Na/K ATPase pump

Question 14

Environment around the plasma membrane

Answer 14

Na is higher in ECF

K is higher inside the cell

Question 15

Organelles

Cytoplasm

Answer 15

Cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Includes cytosol, icf, organelles in the fluid

Question 16

Organelles

Nucleus

Answer 16

Largest organelle

Contains DNA

All mature cells except rbc have them

Cells need them to reproduce

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

Break down nutrients from the foods we eat and convert that energy into atp (cellular respiration)

Highly active cells like muscle cells will have a lot of mitochondria

Question 18

Ribosomes

Answer 18

Site of protein synthesis

There are free ribosomes and membrane bound ribosomes

Question 19

Endoplasmic reticulum

Rough vs smooth

Answer 19

Rough-
Has ribosomes studded on the membrane
Proteins are synthesis and packaged
High in liver cells

Smooth
Synthesis of lipids cholesterol phospholipids and steroids
High in testes

Question 20

Golgi apparatus

Answer 20

Modify package and distribute proteins and lipids produced in the cell

Question 21

Lysosomes

Answer 21

Contains digestive enzymes that can digest invading bacteria viruses toxins dead cells and old organelles

High in white blood cells

Question 22

What are the three organelles involved in protein synthesis

Answer 22

Ribosomes, rough er, Golgi apparatus

Question 23

Which organelle is a sac of enzymes involved in digestion

Answer 23

Lysosomes

Question 24

Which organelle packages proteins

Answer 24

Golgi apparatus

Question 25

What is composed of the contractile protein chain

Answer 25

Microfilament

Question 26

Protein synthesis process

Answer 26

DNA provides instructions for building every protein in the body RNA carries out orders for protein synthesis

Question 27

4 types of tissues in the body

Answer 27

Connective Nervous Muscle Epithelial

Question 28

Nervous tissue

Answer 28

Internal communication - brain - spinal cord - nerves

Question 29

Muscle tissue

Answer 29

Conscious Contracts to cause movement Muscles attached to bones (skeletal) Muscles of heart (cardiac) Muscles of walls or hollow organs (smooth)

Question 30

Epithelial tissue

Answer 30

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secrets, absorbs, filters Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis)

Question 31

Connective tissue

Answer 31

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together Bones Tendons Fat and other soft padding tissue

Question 32

Skin contains the four primary tissues- where are they

Answer 32

- epithelial tissue- epidermis - connective tissue - dermis - smooth muscle tissue- arterioles and attached to hair - nervous tissue- sensory nerves

Question 33

SKIN

Answer 33

Largest and heaviest organ Part of the integumentary system "covering"

Question 34

Skin has 2 layers

Answer 34

Epidermis = outer epithelial layer Dermis = a deep supporting layer of dense connective tissue

Question 35

What is the hypodermis

Answer 35

Layer below the skin composed of loose connective tissue and fat

Question 36

Epidermis

Answer 36

Lacks blood vessels Dynamic steady state- cells constantly dying Constant renewal of cells - epidermis is replaced every 25-45 days 5 epidermal layers (called strata) because cells are constantly moving to the superficial layer (and eventually dying)

Question 37

5 epidermal layers/ strata

Answer 37

Stratum corneum (most superficial layer) Stratum lucidum Strata granulosum Strata spinosum Strata basale (deepest layer)

Question 38

5 cells of the epidermis

Answer 38

Stem cells ( divide) Keratinocye- produced keratin Melanocytes - produce melanin Merkel cells - touch receptors Langerhans s - activate immune responses