Modules 1 & 2

Question 1

It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work, and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

What are the 3 branches of Physiology?

Answer 3

Renal, Neurophysiology, and Cardiovascular

Question 4

It forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.

Answer 4

Integumentary System

Question 5

It protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.

Answer 5

Skeletal System

Question 6

It allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.

Answer 6

Muscular System

Question 7

It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Answer 7

Nervous System

Question 8

It regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Answer 8

Endocrine System

Question 9

It is where blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

Answer 9

Cardiovascular System

Question 10

It picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

Answer 10

Lymphatic System

Question 11

It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Answer 11

Respiratory System

Question 12

It is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable units that enters the blood for distribution to body cells.

Answer 12

Digestive System

Question 13

It is responsible for eliminating nitrogenous waste from the body.

Answer 13

Urinary System

Question 14

The reproductive system that produce sperms and male sex hormones.

Answer 14

Male Reproductive System

Question 15

The reproductive system that produce eggs and female sex hormones.

Answer 15

Female Reproductive System

Question 16

It is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

Answer 16

Catabolism

Question 17

It is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, also known as an endergonic process.

Answer 17

Anabolism

Question 18

What are the 5 most important survival needs?

Answer 18

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, and Atmospheric Pressure

Question 19

It is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly.

Answer 19

Homeostasis

Question 20

An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment.

Answer 20

Homeostatic Imbalance

Question 21

It is a concentration measurement in the blood (glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes).

Answer 21

Milligrams/Deciliter (mg/dL)

Question 22

It is any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in grams.

Answer 22

Mole

Question 23

It is the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

Answer 23

Biochemistry

Question 24

These are compounds that contain carbon and made by living compounds.

Answer 24

Organic Compounds

Question 25

These are compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Answer 25

Inorganic Compounds

Question 26

It is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material.

Answer 26

Water

Question 27

Also called proton donors, these are substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts.

Answer 27

Acids

Question 28

Also called proton acceptors, these are substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts.

Answer 28

Bases

Question 29

It measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids.

Answer 29

pH

Question 30

What is the human body’s average pH range?

Answer 30

7.35 to 7.45 or 7.40

Question 31

What level of pH is below 7.35?

Answer 31

Acidemia

Question 32

What level of pH is above 7.45

Answer 32

Alkalemia

Question 33

These are large complex molecules with thousands of atoms.

Answer 33

Macromolecules

Question 34

An organic compound that includes sugar and starches.

Answer 34

Carbohydrates

Question 35

An organic compound insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids, alcohol, and ether.

Answer 35

Lipids

Question 36

It is the basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function.

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

It is the building blocks of protein.

Answer 37

Amino Acid

Question 38

These are the largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major types.

Answer 38

Nucleic Acids

Question 39

What are two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 39

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Question 40

It is an energy transferring molecule in cells and provides energy immediately usable by all body cells.

Answer 40

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 41

What are the 4 main functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 41

Physical Barrier, Selective Permeability, Communication, and Cell Recognition

Question 42

It diffuses directly through the lipid bilayer.

Answer 42

Simple Diffusion

Question 43

It is either through a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins.

Answer 43

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 44

It is the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane.

Answer 44

Osmosis

Question 45

It refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.

Answer 45

Tonicity

Question 46

A type of tonicity that have the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cells. They retain shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water.

Answer 46

Isotonic

Question 47

A type of tonicity that have higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell. They either lose water, shrivel, or crenate.

Answer 47

Hypertonic

Question 48

A type of tonicity that is more dilute than cells.

Answer 48

Hypotonic

Question 49

It requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances.

Answer 49

Active Transport

Question 50

Also termed as voltage, are electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely particles.

Answer 50

Membrane Potential

Question 51

A membrane potential that ranges from (-)50 - (-) 90 mV.

Answer 51

Resting Membrane Potential

Question 52

It drives the extracellular concentration.

Answer 52

Sodium

Question 53

These are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Answer 53

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Question 54

A type of signaling in which cells come together, touch, and recognize one another. It is useful in development and immunity.

Answer 54

Contact Signaling

Question 55

A type of signaling in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.

Answer 55

Chemical Signaling

Question 56

It is the cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Answer 56

Cytoplasm

Question 57

It is often call the “powerhouse” of the cell, also responsible for providing ATP supply.

Answer 57

Mitochondria

Question 58

These are sites of protein synthesis.

Answer 58

Ribosomes

Question 59

It is the extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs.

Answer 59

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 60

A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells.

Answer 60

Rough ER

Question 61

A type of endoplasmic reticulum containing integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions.

Answer 61

Smooth ER

Question 62

An organelle that modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids.

Answer 62

Golgi Apparatus

Question 63

These are spherical membranous sacs that contain enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers).

Answer 63

Peroxisomes

Question 64

These are spherical membranous organelles that contain activated hydrolytic enzymes.

Answer 64

Lysosomes

Question 65

The system of organelles that work together mainly to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules.

Answer 65

Endomembrane System

Question 66

It is an elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.

Answer 66

Cytoskeleton

Question 67

It is the control center and contains the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.

Answer 67

Nucleus

Question 68

A series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

Answer 68

Cell Cycle

Question 69

A phase in the cell cycle that covers the period from cell formation to cell division.

Answer 69

Interphase

Question 70

It begins simultaneously on several chromatin threads and continues until the DNA has been replicated.

Answer 70

DNA Replication

Question 71

What is the sequence of DNA replication?

Answer 71

1) Uncoiling 2) Separation 3) Assembly 4) Restoration

Question 72

It is a series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to 2 daughter cells.

Answer 72

Mitosis

Question 73

It is the division of the cytoplasm.

Answer 73

Cytokinesis

Question 73

What are 4 phases of mitosis?

Answer 73

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Question 74

What are 4 nucleotide bases?

Answer 74

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Question 75

It is a single strand and has 3 forms that act together to carry out DNA’s instructions for polypeptide synthesis.

Answer 75

RNA

Question 76

What are the 3 forms of RNA?

Answer 76

Messenger, Ribosomal, and Transfer

Question 76

It programs cell death, and rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.

Answer 76

Apoptosis

Question 76

It sweeps us bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.

Answer 76

Autophagy

Question 77

These are group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.

Answer 77

Tissues

Question 78

These are sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, otherwise called a boundary-forming tissue.

Answer 78

Epithelial Tissue

Question 78

What are the 5 main characteristics of the epithelium?

Answer 78

Polarity, Specialized Contacts, Supported by Connective Tissues, Avascular but Innervated, and Regeneration

Question 79

What are 2 classifications of an epithelial tissue?

Answer 79

Simple and Stratified

Question 80

It consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.

Answer 80

Gland

Question 81

The product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid, or steroid-rich containing proteins.

Answer 81

Secretion

Question 82

What are 2 classification of glands?

Answer 82

Endocrine and Unicellular

Question 83

These are gland-producing hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs.

Answer 83

Endocrine

Question 84

These are glands that secrete their products onto body surface or into body cavities, including the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc.

Answer 84

Exocrine

Question 85

A type of tissue that binds, supports, protects, insulate, store reserve fuel, and transport substances.

Answer 85

Connective Tissue

Question 86

It is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars, and other components; also responsible for the physical maintenance of cells.

Answer 86

Extracellular Matrix

Question 87

What are the 3 structural components?

Answer 87

Ground Substance, Fibers, and Cells

Question 88

These are well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement.

Answer 88

Muscle Tissue

Question 89

It is the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.

Answer 89

Nervous Tissue

Question 90

These are high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical impulses.

Answer 90

Neurons

Question 91

These are non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons.

Answer 91

Supporting Cells/Glial/Neuroglia

Question 92

These are continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types.

Answer 92

Membranes