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PSY 100 > Modules 23-30, 43-46 > Flashcards

Modules 23-30, 43-46 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

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3
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

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4
Q

Relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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5
Q

Encoding

A

the process of information into the memory system – for example, by extracting memory

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6
Q

Storage

A

the retention of encoded information over time

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

the processing of getting information out of memory storage

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8
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

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9
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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10
Q

Sensory Memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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11
Q

Working Memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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12
Q

Explicit Memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare; also called declarative memory

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13
Q

Effortful Processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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14
Q

Automatic Processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning

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15
Q

Implicit Memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection; also called nondeclarative memory

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16
Q

Iconic Memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

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17
Q

Echoic Memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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18
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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19
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids

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20
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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21
Q

Testing Effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information; also called retrieval practice effect and test-enhanced learning

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22
Q

Shallow Processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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23
Q

Deep Processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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24
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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25
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory

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26
Q

Hippocampus

A

encoding and use of explicit memories (where?)

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27
Q

Priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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28
Q

Mood-Congruent Memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

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29
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

our tendency to recall best that last and first items in a list

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30
Q

Regency Effect

A

recalling the last items quick and well

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31
Q

Primary Effect

A

recall is best for the first items

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32
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

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33
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

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34
Q

Proactive Interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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35
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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36
Q

Repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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37
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

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38
Q

Source Amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

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39
Q

Deja Vu

A

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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40
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes and activities

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41
Q

Concept

A

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas,or people

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42
Q

Prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category

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43
Q

Algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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44
Q

Heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problem efficiently

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45
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

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46
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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47
Q

Mental Set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way that has been successful in the past

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48
Q

Intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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49
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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50
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct

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51
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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52
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed

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53
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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54
Q

Phoneme

A

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

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55
Q

Morpheme

A

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

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56
Q

Grammar

A

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

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57
Q

Babbling Stage

A

the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds as first unrelated to the household language

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58
Q

One-Word Stage

A

the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words

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59
Q

Two-Word Stage

A

the stage in development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

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60
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs

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61
Q

Aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or to Wernicke’s area

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62
Q

Broca’s Area

A

controls language expression– an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement involved in speech

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63
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

controls language reception– a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

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64
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

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65
Q

Intelligence

A

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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66
Q

Intelligence Test

A

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others,using numerical scores

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67
Q

General Intelligence

A

“g” factor; when someone does well in all subjects (Charles Spearman)

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68
Q

Factor Analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

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69
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

having isolated “islands” of high ability amidst a sea of below-average cognitive and social functioning

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70
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable

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71
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

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72
Q

Mental Age

A

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

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73
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

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74
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

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75
Q

Achievement Test

A

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

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76
Q

Aptitude Test

A

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance

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77
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

78
Q

Standardization

A

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a protested group

79
Q

Normal Curve

A

the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attibutes

80
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting

81
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

82
Q

Content Validity

A

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

83
Q

Predictive Validity

A

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

84
Q

Cohort

A

a group of people from a given time period

85
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

86
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

87
Q

Intellectual Disabilty

A

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

88
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

89
Q

Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

90
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation of the person’s disposition

91
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

92
Q

Attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose is to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

93
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

94
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts => facts, logic

95
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

96
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position,defining how those in the position ought to behave

97
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

98
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

99
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid dispproval

100
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

101
Q

Social Facilitation

A

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

102
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

103
Q

Deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

104
Q

Group Polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

105
Q

Groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic approval of alternatives

106
Q

Prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members

107
Q

Sterotype

A

a generalized belief about a group of people

108
Q

Discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

109
Q

Just-World Phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

110
Q

Ingroup

A

people with whom we share a common identity

111
Q

Outgroup

A

those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

112
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

113
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

114
Q

Other-Race Effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

115
Q

Aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

116
Q

Social Script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

117
Q

Frustration-Aggression Principle

A

the principle that frustration creates anger which can generate agression

118
Q

Auditory Rehearsal, Executive Functions, Visospatial “sketchpad”

A

Three functions of working memory

119
Q

About 12 seconds

A

the duration of working memory

120
Q

Peg Word System

A

the technique of visually associating new words with an existing list that is already memorized along with numbers

121
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

relating material to ourselves

122
Q

Memories are not in isolated files,but are in overlapping neural networks

A

memory storage (location) comparison with a computer

123
Q

Long-Term Memory storage does not get full; it gets more elaborately rewired and interconnected

A

memory storage (capacity) comparison with a computer

124
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

retrieval and storage of explicit memories (where?)

125
Q

Cerebellum

A

forms and stores our conditioned respones

126
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

controls movement, and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills

127
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

implicit memory can be retained, including skills and conditioned responses, but explicit memories only go back to about age 3 for most people

128
Q

Conceptual, Contextual, Emotional

A

memory involves a web of associations:

129
Q

H.M had his hippocampus removed and could not form new explicit memories (anterograde amnesia)

A

the case of H.M

130
Q

Encoding Failure

A

when you don’t pay attention to details and don’t select them from sensory memory to hold in working memory or you don’t bother rehearsing it and ______ it into long-term memory

131
Q

Storage Decay

A

material encoded into long term memory will decay if the memory is never used, recalled, and re-stored

132
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

sometimes, the memory doesn’t decay, but the associations and links that help us find our way to the stored memory do decay

133
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

choosing to forget or to change our memories

134
Q

we sometimes make an unconscious decision to bury our anxiety-provoking memories and them from conscious awareness (repression)

A

Sigmund Freud’s belief on forgetting

135
Q

Categorization

A

the tendency to mold our memories and perceptions to fit pre-existing categories/concepts

136
Q

Trial and Error

A

problem solving that involves trying various possible solutions, and if that fails, trying others

137
Q

Fixation

A

an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

138
Q

Receptive Language

A

associating sounds with facial movements, and recognizing when sounds are broken into words

139
Q

Productive Language

A

babbling in multilingual sounds and gestures

140
Q

Critical Period

A

beginning appropriate language exposure/education early

141
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A

different people have intelligence/ability in different areas

142
Q

Creative Intelligence

A

generating new new ideas to produce ideas that are novel and valuable

143
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

left-brain activity involving zeroing in on a single correct answer

144
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

the ability to generate new ideas, new actions (creativity uses this)

145
Q

Perceiving, Understanding, Managing, and Using Emotions

A

components of emotional intelligence

146
Q

Binet

A

assumed that all children follow the same course of development, some going more quickly, and others more slowly

147
Q

Mental Age

A

how far the child had come along on the “normal” developmental pathway

148
Q

(mental age/chronological age) x 100

A

IQ calculation

149
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

the test will give the same result if used again

150
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

two halves of the test yield the same results

151
Q

Older adults don’t perform as well as younger adults

A

cross-sectional evidence for intelligence changes with age

152
Q

Intelligence remains stable, or even increases, over time

A

longitudinal evidence for intelligence changes with age

153
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

wechsler intelligence score below 70 (2%); have difficulty with adaptive skills

154
Q

Gifted Intelligence

A

wechsler intelligence score about 130 (2%); can seem socially delayed or withdrawn

155
Q

Situational Attribution

A

factors outside the person doing the action

156
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

the person’s stable, enduring traits (personality, ability, emotions)

157
Q
  1. External influences 2. Stable Attitude 3. Attitude is Specific to Behavior 4. Attitude is easily Recalled
A

what effects attitudes (4)

158
Q

Automatic Mimicry/The Chameleon Effect

A
  • contagious yawning
  • adopting regional accents
  • empathetic shifts in mood
  • adopting coping styles
159
Q

Social Norm

A

a “correct” or “normal” way to behave or think in a group

160
Q

Asch Study

A

about 1/3 of people will agree with obvious mistruths to go along with the group

161
Q

Milgram Obedience Study

A

examined to influence of direct commands on behavior: under what social conditions are people more likely to obey commands?

162
Q
  1. Some people can resist obeying and conforming
  2. Individuals can start social movements and forces
  3. Individuals can speak up when a group decision is wrong
A

the power of the individual

163
Q

Automatic Prejudice

A

a study showed that people were more likely to misperceive a tool as a gun when preceded by an African-American face, when both were presented quickly followed by a black screen or “visual mask” (concept)

164
Q

seeing dramatic events of something may lead to forming false associations; using one case to represent something broad

A

judging based on vivid cases (availability heuristic)

165
Q

Just-World Fallacy

A

believing that justice generally happens, that people get the benefits and punishments they deserve

166
Q
  1. Can be selectively bred in animals
  2. Identical twins are more similar than fraternal
  3. Males are more prone
A

genetic influences on aggression

167
Q
  1. Underactive frontal lobes

2. Stimulation to the amygdala

A

neural influences on agression

168
Q

Testosterone levels are correlated with irritability, assertiveness, impulsiveness, and low tolerance for frustration

A

testosterone and aggression

169
Q

Pain, Heat, Crowding, and Foul Odors

A

aversive conditions

170
Q

Parents may have modeled aggressive behavior

A

family model of aggression

171
Q

Social Scripts

A

aggression in media

172
Q

Proximity

A

working or living near the other person

173
Q

The Mere Exposure Effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

174
Q

Romantic Love

A

attraction => passionate love => compassionate love => equity and self-disclosure => positive interaction, support

175
Q

Passionate Love

A

state of strong attraction, interest etc.

176
Q

Compassionate Love

A

deep, caring, affectionate attachment/ commitment

177
Q
  1. Physiological Arousal
  2. Flattering Appraisal
  3. Intense Desire
A

components of passionate love

178
Q

Equity

A

giving and receiving, sharing responsibilities with a sense of partnership

179
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

sharing self in conversation increase intimacy

180
Q

Positive Interactions and Support

A

offering sympathy, concern, hugs, laugh

181
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of other people

182
Q

Bystander Effect

A

fewer people help when others are available

183
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

the role of helper does not fall just on one person

184
Q

Conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility in goals, ideas, and actions between people or groups

185
Q

Social Traps

A

situations in which pursuing self-interest makes things worse for everyone

186
Q

Mirror Image Perception

A

both sides assuming the worst in the other person

187
Q

Contact

A

exposure and interaction => familiarity => acceptance => connection

188
Q

Cooperation

A

finding shared goals, not just focusing on the incompatible goals

189
Q

Communication

A

sometimes with mediators

190
Q

Conciliation

A

gestures that reduce tension by showing intention to build alliances rather than winning conflicts

PSY 100 (2 decks)

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