Modules 6-17 Test Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What are some common impacts of humans on ecosystems?
A
Converting land from its natural state to urban , suburban, and agricultural areas.
Changing the chemistry of the air, water, and soil both intentionally - by adding fertilizers - and unintentionally - human activities that generate pollution. Deforestation.
2
Q
percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface - the higher ________ of a surface, the more solar energy it reflects and less it absorbs.
A
albedo
3
Q
Which would have more albedo - NYC or the North Pole?
A
North Pole
4
Q
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
A
H2O+CO2+Sunlight (Energy) = O2 + C6H12O6
5
Q
the process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose
A
photosynthesis
6
Q
What are the 3 names for the cycle that turns carbon dioxide into sugar?
A
Calvin Cycle, Krebs Cycle, Dark Cycle
7
Q
GPP and NPP
A
gross and net primary productivity
8
Q
the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.
A
GPP
9
Q
What percent of sunlight actually goes to GPP?
A
1% of the original 100%
10
Q
What percent of sunlight actually goes to NPP?
A
1% of the original 100%, and 40% of that 1%
11
Q
What is the equation for NPP?
A
GPP-respiration
12
Q
the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the producers respire
A
NPP
13
Q
term for low oxygen
A
hypoxic
14
Q
zone of open water in lakes and ponds, middle zone
A
limnetic
15
Q
describes a lake with a low level of productivity
A
oligotrophic
16
Q
describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity
A
mesotrophic
17
Q
describes a lake with a high level of productivity
A
eutrophic
18
Q
the movement of N around the biosphere
A
Nitrogen Cycle
19
Q
the conversion of Ammonia (NH4+) into Nitrite (NO2 -) and then into Nitrate (No3-).
A
Nitrification
20
Q
the conversion of nitrate into a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventually N gas (N2) which is emitted into the atmosphere.
A
Denitrification
21
Q
the process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues.
A
Assimilation
22
Q
the nitrogen that converts nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2), into forms of N that producers can use
A
Nitrogen fixation
23
Q
the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into organic compounds
A
Mineralization
24
Q
Which cycle has no gas phase?
A
Phosphorpous
25
what is resilience
the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original capacity after a disturbance
26
what is resistance
a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem
27
properties that determine how air circulates:
1st property: density
2nd property: temperature
3rd property: pressure
4th property: water vapor
28
3 reasons why the amount of solar energy varies:
1st reason - the angle the sun's rays strike the earth
2nd reason - variation in the amount of surface area which the sun's rays are distributed
3rd reason - some areas of earth reflect more solar energy than others
29
Earth's ______ Causes Seasonal Changes
Tilt
30
the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands
Adiabatic cooling
31
the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the earth and decreases in volume.
Adiabatic heating
32
the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water.
latent heat release
33
Describe a rain shadow in detail.
a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side. So basically, one side is rained on, and the other side is completely dry. Cold air does not hold moisture.
***Adiabatic cooling, latent heat release***
34
the deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of the earth. This is why winds do not flow directly North to South
Coriolis Effect
35
The Coriolis Effect helps us to understand ______________________________________.
prevailing wind directions in the polar regions
36
the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents. The deep waters bring nutrients from the bottom of the ocean that support large populations of producers.
upwelling
37
a large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
gyre
38
Gyres...
affect the temperature of coastal areas, redistribute heat in the ocean, and are a result of the Coriolis Effect.
39
a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific
El nino - southern oscillation
40
When does El Nino usually happen, and how often?
Around Christmas, every 3-7 years
41
an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water.
thermohaline circulation
42
What phenomenon could potentially disrupt thermohaline circulation?
global warming
43
the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
photic zone
44
- a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone is very deep lakes.
profundal zone
45
muddy bottom of a lake, ocean, or pond
benthic zone
46
the deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis.
aphotic zone
47
the part of the year during which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow.
growing season
48
a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land.
terrestrial biomes
49
How many terrestrial biomes are there?
9
50
What are the 9 terrestrial biomes?
Tundra, Boreal Forest, Temperate Rain forest, Temperate Seasonal Forest, Woodland/Shrubland, Temperate Grassland/Cold Desert, Tropical Rain forest, Tropical seasonal/savanna, Subtropical desert
51
a cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation; permafrost
tundra
52
cold winters and short growing seasons.
boreal forest
53
logged heavily soil decomposition is slow due to cold temps
temperate rainforest
54
a biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1m (39in) of precipitation annually
temperate seasonal forest
55
The hot dry summers for the natural occurrence of wildfires, plants are well adapted to both fire and drought
woodland/shrubland
56
a biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers.
temperate grassland/cold desert
57
a warm and wet biome found between 20° N and 20° S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation. AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPS EXCEED 68 DEGREES.
tropical rainforest
58
a biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons.
tropical seasonal forest/savanna
59
biome prevailing at approximately 30 N and 30 S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation
subtropical desert
60
a physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism, DNA CODES FOR TRAITS
genes
61
Humans have long influenced evolution by breeding plants and animals for desirable traits.When humans determine which individuals to breed, typically with preconceived set of traits in mind we call this process evolution by ...
artificial selection
62
a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process
mutation
63
a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size
bottleneck effect
64
a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals
founder effect
65
the evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation
sympatric speciation
66
the number of species in a given area
species richness
67
the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area
species evenness
68
the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives.
realized niche
69
living
biotic
70
nonliving
abiotic
71
a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another
first law of thermodynamics
72
the physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quality of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
second law of thermodynamics
73
In evolution through _______ ___________, the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce
natural selection
74
Members of a population naturally vary in their traits, and certain combinations of those traits make individuals better able to _________ and __________.
survive, reproduce
75
an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
fitness
76
the successive levels of organisms consuming one another
trophic level
77
a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S
Hadley cells
78
a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells
Ferrell cells
79
a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60°N and 60°S and sinks at the poles 90°N and 90°S
Polar cells
80
an objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes or changes.
Scientific Method
81
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Analyze
5. Test Results
82
any Chemical reaction in which NH2 Groups are converted into ammonia or its ionic form ammonium (NH4+) as an end product.
ammonification
83
Which step in the nitrogen cycle happens in order 1-4:
nitrogen fixation
nitrification
ammonification
*also assimilation/mineralization*
denitrification
84
What is thermohaline circulation driven by?
salinity
85
lowest level of water where sunlight does not reach
profundal zone
86
chemeostasis happens here
aphotic zone
87
Human involvement
artificial selection
88
True or False: All mutations are lethal
False; random mutations are not lethal.
89
caused by inbreeding
bottleneck effect
90
no humans, survival of the fittest
natural selection
91
no new genes
recombination
92
means the most fit will survive
fittest
93
90 degrees N and 90 degrees S
polar cells
94
the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.
saturation point
95
If a primary consumer eats a producer, what are the inputs and outputs of the primary consumer?
Sun, H20, Producer produce food and CO2 + C6H12O6; Those input into primary consumers
96
A tornado comes through and wipes out all the trees in an area. The forest takes 45 years to bounce back:
low resistance, low resiliance
97
Place that receives the most direct sunlight
ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)
98
2 things that determine a growing season AND limiting factors in biomes:
precipitation and temperature
99
While collecting data firm a lake researchers find that the lake is hypoxic in places and has a shallow limnetic zone based on this information the lake in likely:
Oligotrophic
100
the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.
ecological efficiency
101
What are the factors that cause the unequal heating of the earth?
TILT
102
evolution below the species level
microevolution
103
evolution above the species level
macroevolution
104
difference between genotype and phenotype:
geno - genetic coding (genetic reasoning behind brown hair, green eyes)
pheno - expressed type (appearance, brown hair, green eyes)
105
What factors come to play in range of tolerance?
Habitats, rainfall, humidity, salinity, ph level
