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Introduction to World Religion > Modules 8-11 > Flashcards

Modules 8-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Siddhartha Gautama?

A

A prince who became the Buddha after seeking answers to suffering

Siddhartha Gautama is known for his journey towards enlightenment.

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2
Q

What are the Three Universal Truths in Buddhism?

A
  • Everything in life is impermanent and always changing
  • A life based on possessing things does not bring happiness
  • There is no eternal, unchanging soul

These truths highlight the Buddhist perspective on existence and attachment.

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3
Q

What are the Four Noble Truths?

A
  • Human life has a lot of suffering
  • The cause of suffering is greed
  • There is an end to suffering
  • The way to end suffering is to follow the Middle Path

These truths form the foundation of Buddhist teachings.

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4
Q

What does the Middle Way in Buddhism refer to?

A

A balanced approach to life, avoiding extremes of luxury and hardship

The Middle Way is essential for achieving nirvana.

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5
Q

What are the components of the Eightfold Path?

A
  • Right understanding and viewpoint
  • Right values and attitude
  • Right speech
  • Right action
  • Right work
  • Right effort
  • Right mindfulness
  • Right meditation

The Eightfold Path guides Buddhists in their practice and moral conduct.

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6
Q

What are the Five Precepts in Buddhism?

A
  • Do not harm or kill living things
  • Do not take things unless freely given
  • Lead a decent life
  • Do not speak unkindly or tell lies
  • Do not abuse drugs or drink alcohol

These precepts serve as ethical guidelines for Buddhists.

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7
Q

What is meditation in Buddhism?

A

An essential practice to achieve inner stillness and enlightenment

Meditation can take various forms, including sitting quietly or focusing on breathing.

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8
Q

Where are Buddha’s teachings recorded?

A

The Tripitaka, or The Three Baskets

This collection includes Buddha’s sayings and rules for monks.

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9
Q

What is Wesak?

A

The celebration of Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death

It involves decorating statues of Buddha and making offerings.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the pagoda in Buddhism?

A

A type of Buddhist temple representing five elements of the Universe

Pagodas often have five tiers symbolizing Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Emptiness.

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11
Q

What does Jen (ren) mean in Confucianism?

A

The principle that your well-being depends on the well-being of others

It emphasizes courtesy and loyalty.

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12
Q

Who is Confucius?

A

A Chinese philosopher who founded Confucianism

He lived from 551 to 479 BCE and emphasized moral behavior.

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13
Q

What are the five basic ideas about behavior taught by Confucius?

A
  • Always be considerate to others
  • Respect your ancestors
  • Try for harmony and balance
  • Avoid extremes in behavior and emotion
  • Live in peace and harmony

These ideas guide interpersonal relationships in Confucianism.

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14
Q

What are the five basic virtues in Confucianism?

A
  • Kindness
  • Righteousness
  • Sobriety
  • Wisdom
  • Trustworthiness

These virtues are essential for personal development in Confucian thought.

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15
Q

What is the Analects?

A

A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius

It is the most reliable source of Confucian philosophy.

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16
Q

What role does ritual play in Confucianism?

A

It is important but not focused on the afterlife or eschatology

Confucianism emphasizes social duties over religious rituals.

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17
Q

True or False: Confucianism has deities to worship.

A

False

Confucianism does not center around worshipping gods.

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18
Q

What is the highest calling according to Confucius?

A

The gentleman-scholar

This role model embodies high principles and virtues.

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19
Q

What is the primary concern of Confucianism?

A

Social fulfillment

Unlike religions focused on the afterlife, Confucianism emphasizes ethical behavior and social responsibility.

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20
Q

Does Confucianism have priests or religious leaders?

A

No

Confucianism does not have many conventions typical of religions, such as monks or priests.

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21
Q

What is the term used in Confucianism to describe good manners and propriety?

A

Li

Li encompasses rituals, etiquette, and behaviors that support social order.

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22
Q

List the five main relationships in Confucianism.

A
  • Father over son
  • Older brother over younger
  • Husband over wife
  • Ruler over subject
  • Friend is equal to friend
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23
Q

What does Hsiao represent in Confucian relationships?

A

Love within the family

Hsiao includes love from parents to children and vice versa.

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24
Q

What is Chung in Confucianism?

A

Loyalty to the state

Chung is related to the five relationships and is essential to Confucian political philosophy.

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25
Define Yi in the context of Confucianism.
Righteousness or duty in an ordered society ## Footnote Yi can be seen as an internalized form of Li.
26
What is the principle of Xin?
Honesty and trustworthiness ## Footnote Xin emphasizes personal responsibility in actions and treatment of others.
27
What does Jen signify in Confucianism?
Benevolence and humaneness towards others ## Footnote Jen is considered the highest virtue and a goal for individuals.
28
What are birth rituals in Confucianism centered around?
T’ai-shen or the spirit of the fetus ## Footnote These rituals involve protective measures for the expectant mother.
29
How many stages are there in Confucian marriage rituals?
Six stages
30
What is the significance of the willow branch in Confucian death rituals?
Symbolizes the soul of the deceased ## Footnote It is carried back to the family altar after the burial.
31
What does Taoism translate to in English?
The Way
32
What is the ultimate creative principle in Taoism?
The Tao ## Footnote The Tao is not a deity but the source of all things.
33
What does Yin and Yang represent in Taoism?
Complementary forces ## Footnote This principle illustrates how opposing forces are interconnected.
34
What is Wu Wei?
Uncontrived action or natural non-intervention ## Footnote It emphasizes living in harmony with nature.
35
Define Ch’i in Taoism.
Cosmic vital energy ## Footnote Ch’i links beings to the universe and is essential for survival.
36
What is the purpose of Taoist physical practices?
Transform a person both mentally and physically ## Footnote These practices aim to bring individuals closer to the Tao.
37
What is the key text of Taoism?
Tao Te Ching
38
What does Shintoism translate to?
Way of the Spirits
39
What is the central belief in Shintoism?
Worship of kami ## Footnote Kami are spirits inhabiting the natural world.
40
How many people follow Shintoism worldwide?
104 million
41
What does the word Shinto mean?
Way of the Spirits ## Footnote The word is derived from the Chinese kanji of 'Shen' (divine spirit) and 'Tao' (way).
42
What are kami in Shinto belief?
Spirits that inhabit the natural world ## Footnote Kami can be found in landscapes, forces of nature, people, and animals.
43
How do kami differ from the western concept of gods?
Kami are not omni-potent nor perfect ## Footnote They can make mistakes and misbehave, similar to humans.
44
What is the historical significance of the 'Kojiki'?
It is the earliest written record describing Shinto, dating 712 CE.
45
During which period did early Shinto beliefs emerge?
Yayoi culture (c. 300 BCE - 300 CE)
46
What type of beliefs did Ancient Japanese people hold?
Animistic beliefs ## Footnote They believed that objects, places, and creatures possess a spirit.
47
How is Shinto characterized in relation to Buddhism?
Shinto is considered a syncretic religion ## Footnote It is a fusion of different beliefs and practices.
48
What is the focus of Shinto rituals?
Promote harmony and purity in all aspects of life.
49
What do Shinto followers believe about evil?
Evil is caused by evil spirits.
50
What is a 'kami-dana'?
A shelf in homes where offerings to kami are placed.
51
Name three Buddhist figures that have become prominent kami.
* Amida * Kannon * Jizo
52
What is the significance of Amaterasu in Shinto?
She is the celestial sun goddess and the most important Shinto deity.
53
Where is Amaterasu primarily worshipped?
Grand Shrine of Ise
54
What are Shinto festivals called?
Matsuri ## Footnote Matsuri means 'to entertain' or 'to serve'.
55
What is a 'mikoshi'?
A divine palanquin used to carry a kami.
56
What is the Japanese New Year festival called?
Shogatsu Matsuri
57
What traditional dish is served during New Year celebrations?
Osechi-ryōri ## Footnote Osechi includes various sweet, sour, or dried dishes.
58
What is the purpose of 'Bonenkai' parties?
To leave the old year's worries and troubles behind.
59
What does 'Kegare' refer to in Shinto?
Evil and pollution ## Footnote It encompasses both physical uncleanliness and negative energy.
60
What is 'makoto' in Shinto?
Sincerity of the heart.
61
What role does harmony with nature play in Shinto?
It emphasizes keeping places clean and being aware of the environment.
62
What is the significance of 'matsuri' in Shinto?
They bind a community together and bring good fortune.
63
What is a 'torii'?
Gates marking the entrance to a shrine.
64
What are 'komainu'?
Guardian dogs or lions at shrine entrances.
65
What is the purpose of a purification trough?
Used for washing hands and mouth before entering a shrine.
66
What is the main hall of a shrine called?
Honden
67
What is the offering hall of a shrine called?
Haiden
68
What do visitors write their wishes on at a shrine?
Ema
69
What are 'omikuji'?
Fortune-telling paper slips found at shrines.
70
What do 'shimenawa' ropes signify?
Mark the boundary to something sacred.

Introduction to World Religion (1 decks)

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