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Microbiology > Modules 9-11 > Flashcards

Modules 9-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

List natural defenses of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems (for infection)

A
  • “closed system” no normal biota (current knowledge)
  • WBC: lymphocytes
  • phagocytes
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2
Q

Lymphatic system fn and important structures

A

collects fluid blood vessels, filters it, removes waster and returns fluid to the circulatory system.
-spleen, lymph vessels, nodes at neck, groin, intestines

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3
Q

List the bacterial infections (7) cadiovascular and lymphatic

A
  1. Endocarditis
  2. Septicemia
  3. Anthrax
  4. Tularemia
  5. Brucellosis
  6. Plague
  7. Lyme disease
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4
Q

List the viral infections (3) cadiovascular and lymphatic

A
  1. HIV/AIDS
  2. Mononucleosis
  3. Yellow fever
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5
Q

List the Protozoal infections (2) cadiovascular and lymphatic

A
  1. Chagas disease

2. Malaria

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6
Q

Endocarditis def

A

inflammation of the lining of the heart

causes: bacterial, heart defects, circulating immune complexes, etc

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7
Q

Acute vs subacute endocarditis (signs/symptoms)

A

Acute: more severe, fever abdominal pain, heart attack-like symptoms

Subacute: slower, less severe, congenital heart problems heart valve defects can cause this, similar symptoms fever, abdominal pain, enlarged spleen.

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8
Q

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) what/how

A
  • bloodstream infection when normal oral flora enter the bloodstream.
  • bacteria can form biofilm, protection against phagocytes=can become a clot => tissue death
  • fever, fatigue
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9
Q

Septicemia def

A

active infection of the blood=> systemic infection

cause: fungi, bacteria, sometimes viral

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10
Q

Signs of septicemia

A
  • fever, chills, shaking
  • altered mental state
  • GI symptoms
  • increased breathing, respiratory alkalosis
  • low BP => fluid loss => toxic shock syndrome
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11
Q

Anthrax def

A

zoonotic infection of blood and lymphatic systems in livestock

cause: Bacillus anthracis (gram positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, catalase +, endospore forming[help survive a long time w/out host])

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12
Q

Anthrax forms (3) and signs

A
  1. Cutaneous - skin ulcers
  2. Pulmonary- difficulty breathing
  3. Gastrointestinal: digestive issues

fever, chills, swelling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc

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13
Q

Tularemia def

A

zoonotic infection, wild animals, endemic on northern hemisphere (aka Rabbit fever) wild animals: skunks, rabbit, ticks, rodents

cause: Francisella tularensis - Gram negative, facultative intracell parasite

Bacteria can survive within the phagocytic cells when ingested=> spreads all over body

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14
Q

Tularemia signs/ symp

A
  • ulcer @ site of entry
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • back pain, headache, general malaise

30% mortality rate w/out treatment
common in hunters

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15
Q

Brucellosis def

A

zoonotic disease, fever/undulant fever
nonhemorrhagic fever
-aka Bang’s disease/Malta

caused by: Brucella species, Gram negative coccobacilli

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16
Q

Brucellosis signs/symptoms

A

-fever, body aches, malaise, enlarged lymph nodes

at risk: hunters, ingesting unpasteurized foods

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17
Q

Plague def

A

infection in from wild animals ->humans

caused by: Yersenia pestis (common in ground squirrels, chipmunks, transmitted by flea bite)

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18
Q

Plague types (3)/signs/symp

A
  1. Pneumonic: inhaled bacteria
  2. Bubonic: ‘bubo’ on skin, lymph nodes necrosis (15% mortality)
  3. Septicemic: intravascular coagulation, subcutaneous hemorrhage purpura=> necrosis and gangrene, (30% mortality w/treatment, 100% w/out)
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19
Q

Lyme disease def

A

infection from bite of ticks (deer ticks most common)

Caused by: Borrelia burgdoferi (spirochete), evades immune syst by changing surface antigens
(humans thought to be an accidental host)

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20
Q

Lyme signs symp

A
  • somewhat delayed, tick needs to latch for 24hr to transmit enough bacteria for infection
  • bulls eye rash, fever, headache, dizziness, stiff neck
  • can progress to neurological and cardiac symptoms, crippling polyarthritis
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21
Q

Which of the infections are categorized as bioterror agents?

A
  • Anthrax
  • Tularemia
  • Brucellosis

-HPS (pulmonary)

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22
Q

HIV/AIDS def

A

Retroviral infection, isolate in 1980’s
HIV causing agent=> immunodeficiency (AIDS)

transmitted by: sexual contact, blood, perinatal/breast milk

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23
Q

HIV/AIDS signs/symp/tx

A

complex symptoms often pneumonia, sarcomas, weight loss, enlarged lymph, severe immunodeficiency etc

tx: antivirals asap

COD: often by secondary infection (most common TB)

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24
Q

Mononucleosis def

A

“kissing disease”, ~90% of world infected (treatable)

caused by: Epstein-Barr virus, has circular DNA that incorporates into host genome, latent state, transmitted direct contact w/ fluid (kissing)

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25
Mononucleosis signs/symp
fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, rash, supportive tx to help body clear infection
26
Yellow fever def
hemorrhagic fever transmitted by: mosquito bite
27
Yellow fever signs/symp
- headache, red eyes, back pain, muscle aches | - Liver damage= jaundice= where the name comes from
28
Hemorrhagic fevers definition
- fevers that cause inflammation of blood vessels that lead to bursting = hemorrhage - typically transmitted by biological vectors: mosquito - limited Tx: avoid bio vectors is best
29
List other hemorrhagic fevers
- Dengue: mosquito bite, severe joint pain, rash - Chikungunya: bent over joint pain, cause alphavirus, no Tx, - Marburg - Lassa fever - Ebola: bat, fever/bleeding
30
Chagas disease def/ signs/ symp
caused by protozoan: Trypanosoma cruzi | symp: swelling, fever, fatigue, inflamm of heart and brain
31
Malaria def
- inflection of RBC by 5 species of plasmodium | - human to human by mosquito bite
32
Malaria signs/symp/Tx
- cycles of symptoms, fever/chills - enlarged spleen (increased filtering) - sickle cell ppl are resistant to malaria Tx: antimalarial, avoid mosquito
33
List the upper respiratory structures
``` nose mouth nasal cavity sinuses pharynx epiglottis larynx (voice box) ```
34
List the lower respiratory tract structures
trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
35
general airflow mechanism
nose-> nasal cavity-> pharynx-> larynx-> trachea-> bronchi-> bronchioles
36
gas exchange happens at
the alveoli
37
Pneumonitis definition
inflammation of the lining of the lungs
38
Normal biota of the respiratory tract (5 main ones)
large # of organisms lots of contact, 9 bacterial genus mainly, ~2000 bacterial genomes. - Streptococcus pyogenes - Haemophilus pneumoniae - Neisseria meningitidis - Staphylococcus aureus
39
Mechanical/physical barriers and protection of respiratory
- sneezing/coughing - nasal hair - ciliary escalator - mucus - alveolar macrophages - cytokines, complement, secretory IgA
40
List the upper resp infections (5)
- Common cold - Otitis - Sinusitis - Streptococcal Pharyngitis - Diphtheria
41
Common cold- cause/symp/Tx
- cause: rhinoviruses (2-4 day incubation) - scratchy throat, malaise, runny nose - Tx: support
42
Otitis/sinusisits: cause/symp/Tx
- Haemophilus influenzae (Gram - rod), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram + diplococcus), some fungal - ear tenderness pain pressure, headache, green discharge - Tx: ABX, antifungals
43
Strep throat: cause/symp/Tx
human-only infection -Streptococcus pyogenes (main) [M. pneumoniae, Fusobacterium, N. gonorrhae] bacterial/viral -red sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, white patches of pus Tx: ABX
44
what causes the white patches in strep?
Tissue damage done by bacterium as they interfere w/ opsonization, phagocytosis...etc. Superantigens, meaning they avoid being killed
45
what are some complications of untreated strep?
- rheumatic fever - scarlet fever - glomerulonephritis - Neurological/cardiac damage
46
Diphtheria: cause/symp/Tx
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (club shape, gram +) - infection of the nasal cavity/throat, release exotoxins interfere with protein synthesis - Tx ABX, antitoxin (neutralize) preventative: Tdap vaccine
47
The diphtheria toxin is called
A-B toxin, nonspore forming Two part receptors, one binds to host mainly in the heart kidney and nerve tissue Toxin form pseudo membrane-can dislodge and cause damage to heart, etc
48
List the lower respiratory tract infections (3)
- Tuberculosis - Pneumonia - Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
49
Tuberculosis: cause/symp/Tx
- Myobacterium tuberculosis (mimic cell mediated immunity), airborne - SOB, cough, fever, night sweat - Tx: multidrug regimen (BCG vaccine preventative in some places)
50
Pneumonia cause/symp/Tx
Inflammatory condition of the lungs, alveoli fill with fluid - Viral/bacterial/fungal causes - Streptococcus pneumoniae accounds for 40% cases (30% viruses, 20% mycoplasma) - Tx ABX
51
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome cause/symp/Tx
HPS- airborne virus from rodents, induce inflammatory response - Hantavirus - Tx: supportive (25-50% mortality rate) Category A bioterror agent
52
Pertussis cause/symp/Tx
whopping cough -Bordatella pertussis (gram -, aerobic, rod) -cough, w/ gasp for air (3 stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent) Tx: erythromycin, Dtap
53
3 stages of pertussis
Catarrhal: inflammation of mucous membranes Paroxysmal: cough/whoop, vomiting, broken blood vessels in eye (most contagious. Convalescent: ciliated epithelia damage, not contagious.
54
RSV cause/symp/Tx
``` respiratory syncytial virus -produces giant multinucleated cells -inflammation in throat, earache, SOB -more severe in children Tx: none, prevention w/ passive immunity ```
55
Influenza cause/symp/Tx
-orthomyxovirus family (1-2 day incubation) -Tx: suppport, vaccine, viral genome constantly changes, hard to develop vaccine. 3 types: Type A: most severe Type B: outbreaks, less extensive Type C: little importance
56
List infections of both upper and lower respiratory tract
Pertussis RSV Influenza
57
what does the influenza virus look like?
8 RNA strands enclosed in protein capsule, lipid envelope. Glycoproteins: -Hemagglutinin -Neuraminidase
58
what does hemagglutinin do
agglutination action on RBC - flu binds
59
what does Neuraminidase do
- breaks down protective coating of respiratory tract | - keeps viruses from sticking to each other, viral budding
60
antigenic drift definition
minor mutations in glycoproteins
61
antigenic shift definition
more dramatic change in glycoproteins, less common, | viral genome rearranges (a combination of two usually)
62
Normal biota of urinary tract
- nonhemolytic streptococcus - staphylococcus - corynebacterium - lactobacillus
63
Normal female biota urinary tract (childbearing yrs)
- variable - Lactobacillus (main) - Candida albicans - Prevotella - streptococcus
64
Normal biota male genital tract
outside penis: pseudomonas, staphylococcus | uncircumcised: anaerobic gram - bacteria
65
Defenses of the urinary tract (all genders)
- urine flushing - epithelial shedding - secretory IgA - lysozyme - lactoferrin
66
Defenses of female (child/postmeno) urinary tract
- mucous secretion | - secretory IgA
67
Defenses of female (childbearing) urinary tract
- acidic pH - mucous secretions - secretory IgA
68
Bacterial cystitis: cause/symp/Tx
bladder inflammation - E.coli - urinary frequency, burning, pain - Tx: ABX
69
Leptospirosis: cause/symp/Tx
blood infection caused by Leptospira interrogans (bacteria enters thru mucous membreanes->spreads) - headache, muscle pain, fevers, bleeding - Tx: ABX
70
Urinary schistosomiasis: cause/symp/Tx
contaminated water helminth (worm) infection - Schistosoma haemotobium (lodges in bladder vessels) - itchiness @ entry site, fever, chills, diarrhea, cough, urinary symp to follow - Tx: Antiparasitics (Praziquantel)
71
Vaginitis: cause/symp/Tx
inflammation of the vagina - Candida albicans (most common), Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan) - Tx: ABX, antifungals, depending on cause
72
Vaginosis cause/symp/Tx
no inflammation but smelly discharge -lactobacilli inbalance- bacterial growth Tx: ABX get balance back
73
Biota imbalance in reproductive tract (female) can lead to
- Pelvic inflammatory disease | - infertility
74
Protastasis
inflammation of the prostate gland - caused by normal biota of intestinal tract - frequent urination, groin and back pain
75
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease cause/symp/Tx
inflammation, infection in the upper reproductive organs uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries -cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis Tx: ABX
76
Chlamydia
tissue damage in testicles, fallopian tubes - Chlamydia trachomatis (spherical obligate bacteria) - ABX
77
Name the two stages of chlamydia infection
Elementary body: infections, no host needed to survive | Reticular body: intracellular, replicating form
78
Syphilis cause/symp/Tx
ulcer diesase (4 stages: primary secondary, latent, tertiary) - Trepomena pallidum -painful ulcers, rash, localized tissue damage Tx: ABX
79
Primary syphilis is
red painful ulcer (chancre) at site of infection, 3wk post exposure
80
Secondary syphilis
most infectious stage, rash on palms and soles, 2-10wk after primary
81
Latent syphilis
no signs of infection (can last years)
82
Tertiary syphilis
localized tissue damage, cardiovascular and neurosyphilis can occur
83
Chancroid cause/symp/Tx
Genital sores -Haemophilus ducreyi - produce exotoxin pus filled lymph nodes -Tx: ABX
84
Herpes cause/symp/Tx
- Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (type 1 mainly cold sores) - itching, burning, pain, blisters, - antiviral (acyclovair)
85
HPV
-Human papilomaviruses -some strains cuase warty growths, precancerous lesions- can develop into cervical cancer Tx: virus not treatable, preventable by vaccine
86
Molloscum contagiosum
viral infection -Poxvirus family -wart-like growth in mucous membranes Tx: removal of growth, virus not treatable

Microbiology (3 decks)

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