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Physio 1 > Molecular And Cellular Bases Ppt 1 > Flashcards

Molecular And Cellular Bases Ppt 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major parts of the eukaryotic cell?

A

1) Cytoplasm

2) Nucleus

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2
Q

What is separated from the surrounding fluid by a plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is separated from cytoplasm by a nucleus membrane?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

What substances make up the cell?

A 
Water
Ions
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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5
Q

What is the principal fluid medium besides fat?

A

Water

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6
Q

Where does chemical reactions take place within water?

A

Dissolved chemicals
At the surface of the suspended particles
In membranes

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7
Q

What are the important ions?

A

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate, bicarbonate, sodium , chloride, and calcium

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8
Q

What do ions provide?

A

Inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

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9
Q

What does the differences in concentrations of ions on opposite sides of the membrane lead to?

A

Membrane potential

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10
Q

After water, what is the most abundant substance?

A

Proteins

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11
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

It’s 3 dimensional shape

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12
Q

What can proteins do?

A

Bind to other molecules, change shape, and alter binding properties and functions

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13
Q

What mediates all physiological change?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

What are the two major types of proteins?

A

Structural proteins

Functional proteins

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15
Q

What is an example of a structural protein?

A

Cytoskeleton

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16
Q

What are some examples of a functional protein?

A

Enzymes, transport proteins, signaling proteins

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17
Q

What is used to form the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers that separate the different cell compartments?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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18
Q

When mixed with phospholipids, what enhances the permeability barrier properties of the lipid bilayer?

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

How do most cells store excess lipids?

A

In lipid droplets

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20
Q

How can lipid droplets be used?

A

For membrane synthesis or food source

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21
Q

What are adipocytes specialized for?

A

Lipid storage

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22
Q

What is 95% of adipocyte mass?

A

Triglycerides

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23
Q

What has little structural function, is a combination of lipids and proteins and plays a major role as a source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

How can carbohydrates be stored?

A

As glycogen

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25
What is the plasma membrane composed of almost entirely?
Lipids and proteins
26
Within the plasma membrane, what is embedded in the lipid bilayer?
Intrinsic membrane proteins
27
Within the plasma membrane,what does the outer surface contain?
Carbohydrates in combination with lipids and proteins
28
What is the lipid bilayer composed of?
Phospholipids Sphingolipids Cholesterol
29
Within the lipid bilayer, what is most abundant and attaches to one another in the middle of the membrane?
Phospholipids
30
Within the lipid bilayer,what is found in small amounts, especially in nerve cells?
Sphingolipids
31
Within the lipid bilayer, what controls fluidity and permeability?
Cholesterol
32
What are the two main types of membrane proteins?
Integral Proteins and Peripheral Proteins
33
What do you know about integral proteins?
Permanently attached Usually transmembrane proteins Act as channels, transporters and receptors
34
What do you know about Peripheral proteins?
Attached only to one surface of the membrane and don’t penetrate all the way through - often attached to the integral proteins - Act as enzymes or as controllers of the channels
35
What are the functions of the biological membranes?
Compartmentalization Selective transport Information processing and transmission Organizing biochemical reactions in space
36
What are the two functions of the membrane potential?
1) Allows a cell to function as a battery | 2) Transmitting signals between different parts of a cell
37
What is the space between the nucleus and plasma membrane that consists of organelles and cytosol?
Cytoplasm
38
What is the fluid organelles of the cell reside?
Cytosol
39
What does the cytosol mainly contain?
Water, dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose
40
Organized into a netlike labyrinth of branching tubules and flattened sacs that extend throughout the cytosol?
Endoplasmic reticulum
41
The ER membrane is continuous with what?
The nuclear membrane
42
How does the ER play a role in lipid and protein biosynthesis?
1) synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins that will be secreted to the exterior 2) synthesis of membrane lipids for plasma membrane and organelles
43
What does the ER serve as, for signaling pathways?
Intracellular calcium store
44
What does Granular ER (Rough ER) have attached to it?
Ribosomes
45
What are the ribosomes on the Granular ER composed of?
A mixture of RNA and proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing new protein molecules
46
What does Agranular ER (smooth ER) synthesize? And where are they mostly found?
Synthesize lipids and bigger in cells that produce lipids
47
What is the Golgi Apparatus a collection of? And what is it closely related to?
Collection of flattened, membrane enclosed compartments called cisternae and is closely related to ER
48
How is the Golgi closely related to the ER?
Small vesicles pinch off from ER and fuse with Golgi
49
What is the Golgi process and form?
Lysosomes Secretory vesicles Other cytoplasmic components
50
What is the principal site of intracellular digestion?
Lysosomes
51
What is a lysosome?
A vesicular organelle full of digestive enzymes (hydrolases)
52
What does the lysosome help with?
Damaged cellular structures Food particles ingested by the cell Unwanted matter such as bacteria
53
How is the peroxisome formed?
By self replication or from ER
54
Approximately how many enzymes does a peroxisome contain?
50 different enzymes
55
What enzyme is peroxisome mostly contained with and why?
Mostly oxidases capable to combine O2 with hydrogen ions to form hydrogen peroxide
56
What is the function of CATALASE within a peroxisome?
Decompose hydrogen peroxide
57
Within peroxisomes what does oxidated compounds include?
Amino acids and fatty acids
58
What role does peroxisome play within a liver cell?
Synthesis of bile acids
59
How does mitochondria produce ATP?
By burning food molecules to produce atp by oxidative phosphorylation
60
What does a tissue that needs more energy have more of?
Mitochondria
61
What is a network of fibrilar proteins organized into filaments or tubules?
Cytoskeleton
62
What filaments does a cytoskeleton contain?
Microtubles Microfilaments Intermediate filaments
63
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
``` Shape Cell division Movement Track line system to the movement of organelles Mechanical strength ```
64
What is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
65
What does the nucleus contain?
Nuclear membrane (envelope) Nucleolus Genetic material
66
What is the nucleus continuous with and what is it penetrated by?
Continuous with ER and is penetrated by several pores
67
What is a nucleolus?
An accumulation of large amounts of RNA and Proteins
68
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Synthesize ribosomes
69
What is the purpose of the genetic material within a nucleus?
Control cell growth, maturation, division, and death

Physio 1 (3 decks)

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