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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 classes of biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins (directs its own synthesis), lipids, nucleic acids (builds proteins)

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2
Q

what large group of organisms does bacteria belong to

A

prokaryotic organisms

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3
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a pathogen is an organism or virus that causes disease

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4
Q

what is transformation

A

a change in phenotype and genotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell (Griffith thought protein was a more fitted candidate for genetic information)

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5
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that eats bacteria (dna in the phage head)

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6
Q

what is a virus

A

a virus is DNA that is enclosed by a protective coat

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7
Q

What were the results of Hershey and Chase’s experiment

A

when proteins were tagged the radioactivity stayed outside, but when it was the DNA radioactivity was found in the cell - DNA functions as genetic material

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8
Q

What were the results of Hershey and Chase’s experiment?

A

when proteins were tagged the radioactivity stayed outside, but when it was the DNA radioactivity was found in the cell - DNA functions as genetic material

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9
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules

A

Chargaff noticed regularity in the ratios of nucleotide bases and the different base compositions between species

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10
Q

What is the mechanism for Chargaff’s rules

A

complementary base pairing

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11
Q

What does photo 51 show

A
  1. DNA is a helix shape
  2. The width of DNA
  3. Spacing of nitrogenous bases
  4. Implied DNA was made up of 2 strands
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12
Q

How did Watson and crick elucidate the structure of the DNA molecule

A

Watson saw Rosalind’s x-ray diffraction picture and recognized the double helix shape of DNA. Then they took credit for the picture

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13
Q

Summarize the shape of DNA

A

DNA is in a double helix shape, there are two sugar-phosphate groups that are anti-parallel. The connected sections of DNA are nitrogenous bases that have complementary pairing

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14
Q

What is the semi-conservative model of DNA replication

A

It is the model that says one strand of original DNA is conserved in each daughter strand in replication

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15
Q

How are bacterial chromosomes different from ours?

A

Bacterial chromosomes are more circular as opposed to long and thin, and they have one point of origin as opposed to many

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16
Q

What is a replication fork

A

the y shaped region on a replicating DNA where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized

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17
Q

Why is RNA primer needed

A

The enzymes that synthesize DNA cannot initiate the synthesis of polynucleotides; so the initial nucleotide chain is actually a short stretch of RNA primer

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18
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a preexisting chain

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19
Q

Is a new DNA nucleotide added to the sugar or phosphate side of the new strand

A

The sugar or 3’ end

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20
Q

leading strand vs lagging strand

A

Leading:
- 3’ - 5’ end
- DNA polymerase 3 synthesizing a complementary strand
- Continuous
Lagging:
- Synthesized in okazaki fragments
- each fragment must be primed
- DNA polymerase 1 replaces RNA with DNA nucleotides
- DNA ligase joins fragments together

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21
Q

What is a mismatch repair

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A

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

22
Q

What is the source of variation in evolution

23
Q

What is the benefit of telomere

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A

Telometic DNA acts as a buffer zone that protects the organisms genes

24
Q

What is nucleic acid hybridization

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A

The process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule

25
define genetic engineering
the manipulation of genes for practical purpose
26
Why does a genetic engineer need to make many copies of specific genes rather than use the whole DNA molecule
A single human gene might only be 1/100000 of a DNA molecule, the distinction between gene and surrounding DNA is subtle
27
Whats a plasmid
A small-circular double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome
28
Define recombinant DNA molecule.
A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
29
Define restriction enzyme
an endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to bacterium cuts at specific nucleotide sequences
30
What is happening during gel electrophoresis
Nucleic acids or proteins are separated on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electrical field
31
How can many copies of DNA be made and what is that process called
a polymerase chain reaction can make billions of copies of a specific target DNA
32
Where is the information content of genes?
It is in the form of specific nucleotide sequences along the DNA
33
What is "gene expression"
The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
34
What is a gene
It is a unit of heredity made up of DNA, located in chromosomes
35
What is an enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes reactions in organisms
36
What are some revisions to the one gene one enzyme hypothesis
One gene can code for many proteins and those proteins aren't always enzymes. One gene one polypeptide
37
What is the central dogma
Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
38
What strand of DNA is the "template" strand
the 3' - 5' strand that provides the pattern or template for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
39
What does RNA polymerase do
Pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides
40
Describe Transcription
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. Polymerase unwinds DNA and RNA synthesis initiates at the start point. Then the polymerase moves down unwinding the JDNA and elongating RNA from 5' - 3'. DNA reforms double helix. Then the RNA transcript is freed at termination and detaches from the DNA
41
Type of RNA processing in eukaryotic cells
Help to facilitate export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus, prevent degradation of the mRNA molecule, and help the ribosome to attach to the mRNA
42
5' cap
A modified form of guanine nucleotide is added on to the 5' end of the RNA transcript after the first 20-40 nucleotides have been transcribed
43
poly-A tail
A sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule
44
RNA splicing
After the synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns)
45
What is happening during the translation
An mRNA strand is moving through the ribosome, codons are matched with anti-codons on tRNA. As the tRNA continues to bring amino acids the ribosome connects them creating a growing polypeptide
46
Point mutation
A change in a single nucleotide of a gene
47
Nucleotide pair substitution
One nucleotide in a DNA strand and its complement are replaced
48
Silent Mutation
A mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid
49
Missense Mutations
A nucleotide - pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
50
Insertion
Nucleotides are being inserted into the strand (frameshift)
51
Deletion
Nucleotides are being deleted from the strand (frameshift)

Biology (3 decks)

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