Molecular Biology

Question 0

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous base?

Answer 0

Purine

Pyrimidine

Question 1

A nucleotide is made up of?

Answer 1

A sugar molecule
A nitrogenous base
A phosphate group

Question 2

What is DNA

Answer 2

Double stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds.

Anti-parallel strands.

Question 3

What does DNA replication involve?

Answer 3

Unwinding the DNA strand by DNA helicase.
Copying of DNA by DNA polymerase.
Winding back of DNA by DNA ligase.

Question 4

3 types of RNA

Answer 4

mRNA (transcription)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (translation)

Question 5

What are codons?

Answer 5

Genetic code made of RNA consisting of 3 sequential nucleotides.
Total possible number is 64

Question 6

What is a gene?

Answer 6

A stretch of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide.

It determines the function of a protein.

Question 7

What 2 regions is a gene made up of?

Answer 7

Exons = coding area
Introns = non coding.

Question 8

Where are chromosomes?

Answer 8

In the nuclei

Question 9

What is a chromosome made up of?

Answer 9

2 identical chromatids.

Held together by a centromere.

Question 10

How many pairs of chromosomes does each cell have?

Answer 10

22 pairs + 1 pair of sex chromosomes

23

Question 11

Which chromosome is the largest?

Answer 11

Chromosome 1

Question 12

Which chromosome is the smallest?

Answer 12

Chromosome 22

Question 13

What stain is used to identify chromosomes?

Answer 13

Giemsa staining

Question 14

What does colchicine do to chromosomes?

Answer 14

Inhibits spindle formation

Question 15

What does EDTA do to chromosomes?

Answer 15

Inhibits deoxyribonuxlease

Question 16

What are the arms of a Chromosome called

Answer 16

P = short
Q = long

Question 17

What is a centromere?

Answer 17

The point where 2 identical sister chromatids come in to contact

Question 18

Types of chromosomes

Answer 18

Metacentric
Submetacentric
Acrocentric 
Telocentric (not in humans)
Holocentric (not in humans)

Question 19

Name of the sugar component of DNA

Answer 19

Deoxyribose

Question 20

Name of the sugar component of RNA

Answer 20

Ribose

Question 21

What does helicase do?

Answer 21

Unwinds DNA

Question 22

What does DNA polymerase do?

Answer 22

Binds to one strand of DNA and uses it as a template to create DNA.

Question 23

What is meant by semi-conservative DNA replication?

Answer 23

DNA replication is semi-conservative as one-half of each new molecule of DNA is old; one-half new.

Question 24

DNA is transcribed to mRNA by what?

Answer 24

RNA polymerase.

Question 25

What is transcription

Answer 25

When RNA is made from DNA

Question 26

What does PCR stand for?

Answer 26

Polymerase chain reaction

Question 27

What does PCR do?

Answer 27

Amplifies a selected area in a DNA stand. | Does not work on RNA.

Question 28

What is blotting?

Answer 28

A method of transferring proteins onto a carrier

Question 29

What is proteomics

Answer 29

Study of proteins

Question 30

What is 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis

Answer 30

For proteins 1st is based by isoelectric point - voltage applied along PH gradient. 2nd is based on size - voltage applied perpendicular.

Question 31

How many phases are there in the cell cycle?

Answer 31

4 - G1, synthesis, G2, mitosis

Question 32

What is interphase?

Answer 32

Part of the cell cycle - containing G1, synthesis and G2. | Not mitosis.

Question 33

In which part of the cell cycle does chromosome replication occur

Answer 33

Synthesis

Question 34

What is the action of TAQ polymerase

Answer 34

Enzyme used in PCR

Question 35

What are the 4 bases of DNA

Answer 35

A T C G

Question 36

At what temperature is DNA denatured

Answer 36

94 degrees for 5 minutes

Question 37

What are the essential amino acids

Answer 37

``` Valine Tryptophan Lysine Leucine Isoleucine Phenylalanine Threonine Methionine Histidine ```