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TExES Life Science 7-12 (238) Certification Exam > Molecular & Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Molecular & Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Adhesion

A

Adhesion is the property of water that attracts it to other molecules. Adhesive forces will pull apart the individual atoms within a water molecule and pull them towards other molecules.

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2
Q

Enzyme

A

An enzyme is a protein produced by the cells of living organisms. It functions as a catalyst, accelerating or instigating specific biochemical reactions within an organism.

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3
Q

Fermentation

A

Fermentation is a biochemical reaction that breaks down sugars and releases energy without the use of oxygen.

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4
Q

How many different kinds of fermentation are there?

A

There are two types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

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5
Q

Inorganic compound

A

Inorganic compounds are compounds that do not contain carbon or hydrogen.

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6
Q

What element is considered the building block of life?

A

Carbon

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7
Q

Eukaryote

A

Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear envelope and a mitochondria that acts as an energy producing powerhouse of the cell.

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that makes up the majority of the structure in the cell wall of plants. Cellulose is the primary building material of plants, giving structure and integrity to plant stems, leaves and roots.

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9
Q

Selective permeability

A

Selectively permeable membranes regulate equilibrium within a cell by allowing some substances to pass through the membrane, while other substances are prevented from doing so.

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration - areas that contain large numbers of particles - to areas of low concentration.

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11
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which cells engulf extracellular fluid that is not permeable through the cell membrane.

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12
Q

Interphase

A

During the interphase stage of the cell cycle, the cell performs its regular functions to sustain life - such as cellular respiration - while also doubting in size and duplicating its DNA in preparation for division.

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is the division of a parent cell’s cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis is complete.

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14
Q

Daughter cell

A

During mitosis, a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells, which contain the same type and number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

Anaphase is the phase of mitosis during which individual chromatids of each chromosomes in the cell split into distinct chromosomes and migrate to opposite ends of the cell in preparation for division.

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16
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

During the G1 checkpoint of mitosis, the cell assesses its size, nutrient and energy availability, positive molecular cues, and DNA damage. Then, the cells use this information to either allow themselves to continue with mitosis or prevent themselves from entering the S phase.

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17
Q

Homolog

A

A homolog is one of the two members of a chromosome pair with one member inherited from the mother and the other from the father. They differ from sister chromatids because they have different alleles for the same gene.

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18
Q

Nucleotide

A

Nucleotides are the molecules that serves the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA). They are comprised of a phosphate group, a five (5) carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.

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19
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Deoxyribose is the five (5) carbon sugar unique to DNA. It has one less oxygen atom than its counterpart in RNA - ribose.

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20
Q

Between the sugars deoxyribose and ribose, which is more stable in structure and why?

A

Deoxyribose is more stable because it has one less oxygen than ribose.

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21
Q

Histone

A

Histones are proteins that are found in chromatin and function as spools around which DNA strands can wrap themselves. They organize DNA strands into structures known as nucleosomes.

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22
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Okazaki fragments are short fragments that form on the lagging strand template strand of DNA during the replication process. They have base pairs that are the complimentary to the bases found on the leading template strand.

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23
Q

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together?

A

DNA ligase

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24
Q

Activator

A

An activator is an example of a transcription factor that “turns on” a target gene by binding it to the gene’s DNA to allow RNA polymerase to attach and make a new RNA molecule from the DNA’s information.

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25
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene expression is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is activated, transcribed and translated into proteins, which instigates a target effect in a gene.

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26
Q

Stem cell

A

A stem cell is undifferentiated cell found in a multicellular organism. Stem cells are capable of being differentiated into multiple different kinds of cells.

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27
Q

Substitution mutation

A

During a substitution mutation, one DNA base is inserted into the incorrect place instead of intended base pair.

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28
Q

Germline mutation

A

A germline mutation is an inherited mutation that arises from alterations made to the sperm and egg cells; it is transmitted to offspring.

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29
Q

Mutagen

A

A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that can alter genetic material and lead to mutation in an organism.

30
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

A polymerase chain reaction or PCR, is used to make millions of copies of DNA segments by using primers to attach to strands of DNA.

31
Q

Gene therapy

A

During gene therapy, healthy genes are inserted into cells that have missing or abnormal genes in order to treat or correct genetic diseases and disorders.

32
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Recombinant DNA is a DNA sequence that has been formed artificially by recombining genetic material from different organisms.

33
Q

Carbon

A

The atom that is found in all organic molecules and is necessary for life to function.

34
Q

Glucose

A

The sugar molecule that serves as a primary energy source for most living things, is produced during photosynthesis and is broken down during cellular respiration

35
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

The organelle within the cells of eukaryotes that produces proteins via ribosomes attached to its outer layer.

36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The viscous fluid found within a cell that contains all organelles within a cell.

37
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

The polar membrane that creates a barrier around cells by providing a hydrophobic interior layer.

38
Q

Flagellum

A

A slender appendage that is made by the cytoskeleton, extends from the cell, and can whip back and forth to generate cell movement.

39
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

40
Q

Vesicle

A

A fluid filled cellular structure found in cell membranes of eukaryotic cells that plays a major role in storing and transporting materials in and out of a cell.

41
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane bound organelle created by the Golgi apparatus and used to break down food material found in animal cells that contain enzymes.

42
Q

Chromosome

A

The strand like structure of generic material that carries the genetic information of the cell within the nucleus.

43
Q

Centromere

A

The point of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are linked together.

44
Q

Telophase

A

The final phase of mitosis during which nuclear membranes form around the genetic material of the daughter cells.

45
Q

S phase

A

The cell cycle’s specific stage of interphase during which the DNA of the chromosomes are duplicated.

46
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that contain a single set of unpaired chromosomes, or half the amount of chromosomes of the parent cell

47
Q

Crossing over

A

The stage of meiosis between prophase I and metaphase I during which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information

48
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that builds DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides during the process of DAN replication

49
Q

Leading strand

A

The strand of DNA found that is continuously being replicated during the elongation process.

50
Q

Lagging strand

A

The strand of DNA that undergoes replication discontinuously in fragments during the elongation process.

51
Q

Promoter

A

The region of DNA or RNA polymerase and other proteins bind in order to start the transcription process.

52
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

The group of RNA molecules that delivers information transcribed from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

53
Q

Stem-cell niche

A

The microenvironment within an area of specialized tissue that houses and maintains stem cells and regulates their fate.

54
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in order to perform a specific function.

55
Q

Genetic variation

A

The diversity of gene frequencies between individuals or between populations of organisms.

56
Q

Pluripotency

A

The ability of a stem cell to give rise to multiple specialize cell types.

57
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The type of mutation that occurs when a chromosome fails to fully separate during meiosis resulting in gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

58
Q

Inversion

A

A type of genetic mutation that occurs when chromosome sections break off and reattach to the chromosome facing the opposite direction.

59
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

An instrument used to measure very small sample size is a shining beams of light through a prism in order to break it down into individual wave links which are then shone through a liquid sample and quantified.

60
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

The process of creating genetically identical organisms by transferring a nucleus to a different adult cell.

61
Q

What are the four (4) major biological macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

62
Q

Why is water necessary for cells to perform life functions?

A

Water accounts for approximately two thirds of the material of ever cell. All water molecules are comprised of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Water forms essential bonds with carbon, which is the element necessary for life and site on all chemical reactions within a cell.

63
Q

What is the difference between an enzyme and a catalyst?

A

An enzyme is a protein which functions as a biological catalyst, and accelerates chemical reactions among biological macromolecules. Enzymes are specialized to catalyze specific reactions within a living organism.

64
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll is a pigment found within a chloroplast. Chlorophyll absorbs and traps light energy, which is then used by the chloroplasts to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

65
Q

What are the major stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose into smaller molecules in the presence of oxygen), TCA/CAC/Krebs cycle (molecules combine with oxygen to further break down glucose and release hydrogen), & the electron transport chain (mitochondria releases chemical energy to be delivered to other parts of the cell; they then release excess heat, water and carbon dioxide as byproducts).

66
Q

What is the difference between chemosynthesis & photosynthesis?

A

Chemosynthesis is the process of creating organic molecules without the use of light energy. Instead, chemosynthesis utilizes the chemical energy from inorganic compounds, such as sulfur. Photosynthesis relies on light energy from the sun.

67
Q

Why are cell membranes composed of lipids?

A

Lipids are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. This arrangement prevents them from mixing with water. This allows the lipids within the membrane to maintain and regulate the barrier between water within the cell and water outside the cell.

68
Q

Why are bacteria considered prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria cells, along with archaea cells are single celled organisms that lack a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

69
Q

Which organelles differentiate plant cells from animal cells?

A

Plant cells have all the organelles that animal cells in addition to: 1) chloroplasts (required for photosynthesis), 2) cell walls (give plant cells a rigid structure), and 3) vacuoles (fluid filled sacs in the cytoplasm that store nutrients and waste)

70
Q

How does a cytoskeleton provide a cell with shape and structure?

A

A cell’s cytoskeleton is comprised of a network of filaments and microtubules. The interlocking nature of these structures provides the cell with its shape and stability.

71
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires energy, a protein channel and moves substances against their concentration gradient. Passive transport does not require energy or a protein channel, and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

TExES Life Science 7-12 (238) Certification Exam (1 decks)

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