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RTE 008: Radiologic Biology > Molecular Radiobiology > Flashcards

Molecular Radiobiology Flashcards

1
Q

The principal molecular radiation interaction in the body

A

Radiation interaction with water

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2
Q

The target molecule

A

DNA

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3
Q

The ultimate damage occurs to the ____ molecule

A

target

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4
Q

Controls cellular metabolism and reproduction

A

DNA

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5
Q

Irradiation outside of the cell or body

A

Vitro

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6
Q

Irradiation within the body

A

Vivo

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7
Q

liquid that contains dissolved substances.

A

Solution

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8
Q

When macromolecules are irradiated in solution in vitro, three major effects occur:

A

Main-chain scission
Cross-linking
Point lesions

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9
Q

The breakage of the backbone of the long-chain macromolecule.

A

Main-Chain Scission

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10
Q

The result is the reduction of a long, single molecule into many smaller molecules, each of which may still be macromolecular.

A

Main-chain scission

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11
Q

Main-chain scission reduces not only the size of the macromolecule but also the _____ of the solution.

A

viscosity

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12
Q

A ______ is one that is very thick and slow to flow, such as cold maple syrup.

A

viscous solution

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13
Q

Tap water has low ___

A

viscosity

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14
Q

It determines the degree of main-chain scission

A

Measurement of viscosity

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15
Q

•Some macromolecules have small, spurlike side structures that extend off the main chain.
• Others produce these spurs as a consequence of irradiation.
• These side structures can behave as though they had a sticky substance on the end, and they attach to a neighboring macromolecule or to another segment of the same molecule.

A

Cross-linking

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16
Q

Radiation-induced molecular cross- linking _____ the viscosity of a macromolecular solution.

A

increases

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17
Q

Radiation interaction with macromolecules also can result in disruption of single chemical bonds, producing _____.

A

point lesions

18
Q

are not detectable, but they can cause a minor modification of the molecule, which in turn can cause it to malfunction within the cell.

A

Point lesions

19
Q

Can result in the stochastic radiation effects observed at the whole-body level

A

Point lesions

20
Q

– The reduction of nutrient molecules for energy

A

Catabolism

21
Q

– The production of large molecules for form and function

A

Anabolism

22
Q

Consists of catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

23
Q

are manufactured by translation of the genetic code from transfer RNA, which had been transferred from messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

Proteins

24
Q

The genetic code of DNA is ____ by mRNA

A

transcribed (transcription)

25
Q

The most radiosensitive molecule

A

DNA

26
Q

During G1, molecular DNA is in the familiar ______.

A

double-helix form

27
Q

During this phase, the DNA separates like a zipper, and two daughter DNA molecules are formed, each alike and each a replicate of the parent molecule.

A

S phase

28
Q

proteins are ______ than nucleic acids.

A

less radiosensitive

29
Q

How much DNA is present in G1 as in G2

A

Half

30
Q

The most important molecule in the human body

A

DNA

31
Q

Controls the growth and development of the cell

A

Chromosome

32
Q

• If damage to the DNA occurs within a ____ cell, then it is possible that the response to radiation exposure will not be observed until the following generation or even later.

A

germ

33
Q

Results in a change or loss of a base, which creates an abnormal gene

A

point mutation

34
Q

When water is irradiated, it dissociates into other molecular products; this action is called _______.

A

radiolysis of water

35
Q

Ionization formula

A

H2O + radiation - HOH+ e-

36
Q

An uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in the outer shell

A

Free radicals

37
Q

an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons.

A

Ions

38
Q

Free radicals are unstable and therefore exist with a lifetime of _____.

A

less than 1 ms

39
Q

• They are highly reactive.

A

Free radicals

40
Q

Dangerous to the cell

A

Hydroperoxyl radical
Hydrogen Peroxide

41
Q

The principal effect of radiation on humans is what

A

indirect

RTE 008: Radiologic Biology (5 decks)

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