Molecules Of Biology

Question 0

Element

Answer 0

A molecule containing one type of atom.

Ex: O2 not H2O

Question 1

Compound

Answer 1

A molecule that contains different types of atoms

Ex: H2O not O2

Question 2

Organic vs Inorganic Molecules

Answer 2

Organic molecules have carbon, inorganic do not. The exception to this is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is inorganic.

Question 3

Four Important Types of Organic Molecules

Answer 3

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

Strings of repeated monomers

Ex: Proteins

Question 5

Monomers

Answer 5

The units that make up polymers.

Ex: Amino Acids for Proteins

Question 6

Amino Acids

Answer 6

The monomer that makes up a protein.

           H    O
            |     ||
NH2—C—C—OH
            |
           R

Question 7

Amino Group

Answer 7

The NH2 group on an amino acid

Question 8

Carboxyl Group

Answer 8

The COOH group on an amino acid.

Question 9

Side-Chain

Answer 9

The R part of an amino acid.

Defines the amino acid and its chemical properties.

Question 10

Peptide Bond

Answer 10

The bond between two amino acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis.

Question 11

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 11

A water molecule is removed to bond two molecules together, ie amino acids in a peptide bond.

Question 12

Hydrolysis

Answer 12

A water molecule is added to break a structure apart, i.e. when peptide bonds are broken.

Question 13

Polypeptide

Answer 13

A chain of amino acids in peptide bonds, primary structure of proteins.

Question 14

Saccharide

Answer 14

The monomer of carbohydrates, although they ate considered carbs by themselves. Refers to “sweetness”.

Question 15

Carbohydrates

Answer 15

A polymer made of saccharides. Made up of only carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Question 16

Monosaccharides

Answer 16

Carbs made of one saccharide.

The number of carbon atoms = number of oxygen atoms, number of hydrogen atoms = twice the amount of carbon or oxygen atoms.

Ex. CnH2nOn

Question 17

Glucose

Answer 17

A monosaccharide.
C6H12O6
Same formula as Fructose but the double bonded oxygen is at the top of the chain or ring.

Question 18

Fructose

Answer 18

A monosaccharide.
C6H12O6
Same formula as Glucose but the double bonded oxygen is at the second carbon from the top.

Question 19

Disaccharide

Answer 19

A carb made of two saccharides.

Question 20

Maltose

Answer 20

A disaccharide made of two glucose molecules. A molecule of H2O is removed to bond them, dehydration synthesis.

C12H22O11

Question 21

Fructose

Answer 21

A disaccharide made of Glucose and Fructose by dehydration synthesis.

C12H22O11

Question 22

Polysaccharide

Answer 22

A carb made of three of more saccharides.

Know Glycogen, Starch, and Celulose.

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

The form in which animals store glucose.

Question 24

Starch

Answer 24

The form in which plants store glucose.

Question 25

Cellulose

Answer 25

A polysaccharide that forms plant cell walls.

Question 26

Lipids

Answer 26

Fats— function as energy storage, components of cell membranes, insulation and cushioning. Monomer is the hydrocarbon.

Question 27

Hydrocarbon

Answer 27

Monomer for lipids, makes long chains. ``` H | —C— | H ```

Question 28

Hydrocarbon Chain

Answer 28

A chain of hydrocarbons. Is hydrophobic. ``` H H H H | | | | —C— C—C—C— ...and so on | | | | H H H H ```

Question 29

Hydrophobic

Answer 29

A molecule that does not interact well with water.

Question 30

Hydrophilic

Answer 30

A molecule that mixes well with water.

Question 31

Triglycerides

Answer 31

Consists of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. Animals store fat in triglycerides.

Question 32

Phospholipids

Answer 32

Consists of a glycerol bonded to a phosphate group and two fatty acids. The phosphate group is hydrophobic, but the fatty acids are hydrophobic.

Question 33

Lipid Bilayer

Answer 33

Many phospholipids together will form a lipid bilayer, which will form cell membranes: O~~ ~~O O~~ ~~O O~~ ~~O

Question 34

Cholesterol

Answer 34

A lipid made not of hydrocarbon chains but from rings. Found only in animal cells. All steroid hormones are derived from it.

Question 35

Glycerol

Answer 35

An alcohol that has three carbon atoms. Used in Triglycerides and in Phospholipids.

Question 36

Nucleic Acids

Answer 36

Acidic macromolecules found in cell nuclei. Create DNA and RNA. Monomer is a nucleotide. Sometimes referred to as polynucleotides.

Question 37

Nucleotide

Answer 37

The monomer of a Nucleic Acid, consists of a sugar a phosphate groups and a base.

Question 38

Nucleic Base

Answer 38

Part of a nucleotide, replaced by Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine in DNA. In RNA Thymine is replaced by Uracil.

Question 39

Sugar be Phosphate

Answer 39

The constant parts of the nucleotide. Form the backbone of Nucleic acids.

Question 40

Structure of DNA

Answer 40

A double-stranded Nucleic Acid. A double helix.

Question 41

Nucleotide base Pairing

Answer 41

A pairs to U or T, depending on whether the molecule is DNA or RNA. C pairs only to G. They are held together with a hydrogen bond.

Question 42

Complementary DNA Strands

Answer 42

Two strands of DNA whose base pairs line up so that they bond, creating a double helix.

Question 43

RNA

Answer 43

A single stranded Nucleic Acid. Uses Uracil instead of Thymine. Can form many shapes.

Question 44

The structure of DNA was discovered by...

Answer 44

James Watson and Francis Crick. They took images from Rosalind Franklin.