Molecules of Life

Question 1

the general formula of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Cx(H20)y

Question 1

4 major macromolecules

Answer 1

phospholipids
nucleic acids
protein
polysaccharides

Question 2

general formula of monosaccharides

Answer 2

(CH2O)n

Question 3

Aldoses

Answer 3

monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde

Question 4

Ketoses

Answer 4

monosaccharides that contain a ketone group

Question 5

draw the structure of glyceraldehyde

Answer 5

see notes

Question 6

draw the structure of dihydroxyacetone

Answer 6

see notes

Question 7

5 carbon aldose

Answer 7

ribose

Question 8

6 carbon aldose

Answer 8

glucose

Question 9

5 carbon ketose

Answer 9

ribulose

Question 10

6 carbon ketose

Answer 10

fructose

Question 11

glycosidic bond

Answer 11

the linkage formed between an aldehyde/ketone of one monosaccharide and the hydroxyl group of another monosaccharide to form a dissacharide

Question 12

maltose

Answer 12

glucose+ glucose

Question 13

lactose

Answer 13

galactose + glucose

Question 14

sucrose

Answer 14

glucose + fructose

Question 15

oligosaccharides

Answer 15

large linear branched molecules from simple repeating sugars: short chains

Question 16

polysaccharides

Answer 16

large linear branched molecules from simple repeating sugars: long chain

Question 17

how is energy released from glycogen?

Answer 17

glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogenesis.

glucose then undergoes glycolysis to form pyruvic acid-> acetyl coA

acetyl coA undergoes the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation which releases energy

Question 18

describe nucleic acids

Answer 18

they are used as information storage and transmission of information within and outside a cell

they are polymers of nucleotides

Question 19

draw a nucleotide and label it

Answer 19

see notes

Question 20

purines

Answer 20

adenine
guanine

Question 21

pyrimidines

Answer 21

thymine
uracil
cytosine

Question 22

draw adenine

Answer 22

see notes

Question 23

draw guanine

Answer 23

see notes

Question 24

draw thymine

Answer 24

see notes

Question 25

draw uracil

Answer 25

see notes

Question 26

draw cytosine

Answer 26

see notes

Question 27

how are nucleic acids joined together?

Answer 27

by phosphodiester linkage between 5' and 3' carbon atoms

Question 28

why is base pairing and complementarity important?

Answer 28

for DNA replication and mRNA synthesis-> protein production

Question 29

how many hydrogen bonds can adenine form with thymine?

Answer 29

2

Question 30

how many hydrogen bonds can cytosine form with guanine?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

give some functions of proteins

Answer 31

structural enzymes transport immunity inter-cellular communication

Question 32

draw the structure of amino acids

Answer 32

see notes

Question 33

describe the bonds between the carbon that is joined to the amine group

Answer 33

has a high range of flexibility so that all the structure will be flexible

Question 34

primary protein structure

Answer 34

sequence of a chain of aa-> derive the formation of repetitive patterns

Question 35

secondary protein structure

Answer 35

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone which causes the aa to fold into a repeating pattern: alpha helix and beta-sheet

Question 36

tertiary protein structure

Answer 36

3d folding pattern of a protein due to side-chain interaction

Question 37

quaternary protein structure

Answer 37

protein consisting of more than one aa chain

Question 38

what are lipids classified as?

Answer 38

fats fatty acid esters of glycerol phospholipids and sphingomyelins waxes steroids

Question 39

palmitic acid

Answer 39

C16

Question 40

stearic acid

Answer 40

C18 no double bond

Question 41

oleic acid

Answer 41

C18 double bond

Question 42

triglycerides

Answer 42

esters derived from glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 43

draw a fatty acid

Answer 43

see notes

Question 44

draw a glycerol

Answer 44

see notes

Question 45

steroids

Answer 45

characterised by 4 ring structure found in cell membranes can be hormones

Question 46

waxes

Answer 46

esters made of an alcohol chain and a fatty acid chain used by plants to prevent water loss

Question 47

what is the phosphate in triglycerides linked to?

Answer 47

one of a variety of small polar groups such as choline

Question 48

draw the structure of waxes

Answer 48

see notes