Molecules of Life Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
physiology
A
the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including chemical and physical processes
2
Q
four categories of large molecules
A
carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleus acids
3
Q
hydrolysis
A
water is added to break a polymer chain (enzymes are also required)
4
Q
dehydration reaction
A
water is added to make a polymer chain
5
Q
Hydroxyl group
A
-OH
6
Q
Carbonyl Group
A
C=O
7
Q
Amino Group
A
H-N-H
8
Q
carbonyl group
A
O=C-OH
9
Q
Functional groups
A
shape makes molecule act differently
10
Q
covalent bonds
A
strongest and carry the most energy
11
Q
hydrocarbons
A
organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms (gas and fats)
12
Q
carbon skeletons
A
vary in length, branched or unbranched, may have double bonds, may be arranged in rings
13
Q
cells can be divided into
A
water and organic compounds
14
Q
carbon atom can form
A
four covalent bonds
15
Q
pineal gland
A
melatonin
16
Q
melatonin
A
targets brain and other tissues to effect circadian rhythms, immune function, antioxidant
17
Q
hypothalamus
A
trophic hormones
18
Q
trophic hormones
A
target anterior pituitary to effect phosphorylates proteins and alter channel openings
19
Q
posterior pituitary
A
oxytocin, vasopressin
20
Q
oxytocin
A
breast and urine, milk ejection, labor and delivery, behavior
21
Q
vasopressin
A
kidney; water reabsorption
22
Q
anterior pituitary
A
prolactin, growth hormone, corticotropin, thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone
23
Q
prolactin
A
breast; milk production
24
Q
growth hormone (somatotropin)
A
liver, many tissues; growth factor secretion, growth and metabolism
25
corticotropin
adrenal cortex; cortisol release
26
thyrotropin
thyroid gland; thyroid hormone synthesis
27
follicle-stimulating hormone
gonads; egg or sperm production, sex hormone production
28
lutenizing hormone
gonads; sex hormone production, egg and sperm production
29
thyroid gland
triiodothyronine and thyroxine, calcitonin
30
triiodothyronine and thyroxine
many tissues; metabolism, growth, and development
31
calcitonin
bone; plasma calcium levels (minimal effect in humans)
32
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
33
parathyroid hormone
bone, kidney; regulates plasma Ca2+ and phosphate levels
34
thymus gland
thymosin, thymopoletin
35
thymosin, thymopoietin
lymphocytes; lymphocyte development
36
heart
atrial natriuretic peptide
37
atrial natriuretic peptide
kidneys; increased Na+ excretion
38
liver
angiotensinogen, insulin-like growth factors
39
angiotensinogen
adrenal cortex, blood vessels; aldosterone secretion, increases blood pressure
40
insulin-like growth factors
many tissues; growth
41
stomach and small intestines
gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and others
42
gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and others
gi tract and pancreas; assist digestion and absorption of nutrients
43
pancreas
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
44
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
many tissues; metabolism of glucose and other nutrients
45
adrenal cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
46
aldosterone
kidney; Na+ and K+ homeostasis
47
cortisol
many tissues; stress response
48
androgens
many tissues; sex drive in females
49
adrenal medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine
50
epinephrine, norepinephrine
many tissues; fight or flight response
51
kidney
erythropoietin, dihydoxy-vitamin D3
52
erythropoietin
bone marrow; red blood cell production
53
dihydroxy-vitamin D3
intestine; increases calcium absorption
54
skin
vitamin d3
55
vitamin D3
intermediate form of hormone; precursor of dihyroxychikrcalciferol (vitamin D3)
56
tested
androgens, inhibin
57
androgens
many tissues; sperm production, secondary sex characteristics
58
inhibin
anterior pituitary; inhibits FSH secretion
59
ovaries
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin
60
estrogen, progesterone
many tissues; egg production, secondary sex characteristics
61
relaxin
uterine muscle; relaxes muscles
62
and impose tissue
lepton, adiponectin, resistin
63
lepton, adiponectin, resistin
hypothalamus, other tissues; food intake, metabolism, reproduction
64
placenta
estrogen, chorionic somatomammotropin, chorionic gonadotropin
65
estrogen
many tissues; fetal, maternal development
66
chorionic somatomammotropin
many tissues; metabolism
67
chorionic gonadotropin
corpus luteum; hormone secretion
68
carbohydrates
small sugar molecules (soft drinks), long starch molecules (pasta)
69
monosaccharides
simple sugars (glucose-sports drinks, fructose-fruit)
70
isomers
have the same formula but atoms are arranged differently (glucose and fructose)
71
main fuel that cells use for cellular work
monosaccharides (glucose is #1)
72
disaccharide
double sugar (constructed from 2 monosaccharides)
73
lactose
disaccharide, some ppl have trouble digesting aka lactose intolerance due to lack of the enzyme, lactase
74
sucrose
common table sugar, glucose linked to a fructose
75
what sugars dissolve easily in water
simple sugars and double sugars (hydrophilic, or “water-loving”)
76
complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides; long chains of sugar units, polymers of monosaccharides
77
how long does energy last from fats and carbs
fat=energy for a long time, carb=energy for a short time
78
starch
polysaccharide; plant cell store starch for energy, potatoes and grains
79
glycogen
stored by animals, similar to starch, last a day or two, main storage molecule is lipids (fats)
80
cellulose
most abundant organic compound on earth; plant cell walls, component of wood, aka dietary fiber
81
bacteria
assist in digestion
82
“low carb diets”
body still needs sugar so body will concert protein to glucose
83
lipids
hydrophobic (do not mix with water) ex. fats and steroids
84
linking a fatty acid to glycerol
occurs via removing water aka dehydration reaction
85
essential functions of fats
energy storage, cushioning, insulation
86
unsaturated fatty acids
have less than the maximum number of hydrogen’s bonded to carbons (butter)
87
saturated fatty acids
have the maximum number of hydrogen’s binder to carbons (olive oil)
88
steroids
very different from fats in structure and function, still part of lipid group
89
cholesterol
“base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids (sex hormones)
90
synthetic anabolic steroids
variants of testosterone, pose serious health risks
91
protein
polymer constructed from common set of 20 amino acid monomers
92
proteins perform most tasks of body functions
ex. enzymes, transporter and binding, hormones, receptors and transcription factors
93
formation of peptide bond
2 amino acids form them after going through dehydration reaction
94
structure of a protein
defines how a protein will work, arrangement of amino acids makes each one different, slight change in primary structure affects its ability to function
95
sickle- cell disease
substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes it
96
what controls a proteins structure
environment; unfavorable temp or ph can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape causing denaturing
97
nucleus acids
information storage molecules; provide the directions for building proteins
98
types of nuclei can acids
DNA, RNA
99
genetic instructions in dna
DNA>RNA>protein
100
nucleus acids are
polymers of nucleotides
101
DNA bases
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
102
RMA bases
adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
