Monde Des Affaires Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Break even
A
Spend as much as you earn
2
Q
Golden/silver parachute
A
CEO/manager dismissed
3
Q
Golden boot
A
Fired
4
Q
Mogul
A
Powerful person in the business world
5
Q
Ledger
A
Livre comptable
6
Q
Invoices
A
Factures
7
Q
Accounts receivable
A
Compte client / débiteur
8
Q
Accounts payable
A
Compte créditeur
9
Q
Financial statements balance sheet
A
Bilan financier
10
Q
Cash flow statement
A
Tableau des flux de trésorerie
11
Q
Income statement
A
Compte de résultat
12
Q
Handling
A
Gestion
13
Q
Warehousing
A
Magasin
14
Q
Storage
A
Rangement
15
Q
Dispatch
A
Envoi
16
Q
Job production
A
Sur mesure / à la pièce
17
Q
Batch production
A
Production par lot
18
Q
Flow production / mass production
A
Production de masse
19
Q
Outsourcing
A
Sous traitance
20
Q
Coddling
A
Vente porte à porte
21
Q
Containerization
A
Transport par conteneur
22
Q
Sold in bulk
A
Vendu en vrac
23
Q
Crates
A
Boîtes
24
Q
Forklift
A
Transpalette
25
Cost-plus pricing
Cost price + profit margin
26
Uniform delivery pricing
Standard price everywhere
27
Zone pricing
Different prices in different zones
28
Price skimming
Old products are discounted and new products sold very high
29
Penetration prices
Low price at the beginning to attract customers then increase
30
Price discrimination
Different prices to different people
31
Groupe pricing
Volume discount, happy hour, seasonal discount
32
Incoterms (International Commercial Terms)
Standardized rules by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) used in international trade contracts to define responsibilities between buyer and seller — including shipping, insurance, customs, and risk transfer.
33
EXW (Ex Works)
Seller makes goods available at their location. Buyer handles all transport, export/import, and risk from pickup onward.
34
FOB (Free On Board)
Seller delivers goods onto a ship at the port of shipment. Buyer takes over responsibility once it’s on board.
35
CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight)
Seller pays for shipping and insurance to the destination port. Buyer takes responsibility once it arrives at the port.
36
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
Seller handles everything — shipping, customs, and delivery to the buyer’s location. Buyer just receives the goods.
37
FCA (Free Carrier)
Seller delivers goods to a location named by the buyer (like a warehouse or shipping terminal). Risk passes there.
38
CPT (Carriage Paid To)
Seller pays for transport to destination, but risk transfers to buyer once goods are handed to the carrier.
39
Price Versioning
Offering the same product in different versions (features/quality) at different price points to target different customer segments.
40
Psychological Pricing
Pricing that feels cheaper — like $9.99 instead of $10 — to trick the brain into perceiving a better deal.
41
Economy Pricing
Low prices with minimal marketing or extras. Used for budget-friendly products with low production costs.
42
Bundle Pricing
Selling several products together for one price (usually cheaper than buying each separately) — great for value perception.
43
Price Anchoring
Showing a high price first to make the actual price seem like a bargain (e.g. “Was $150, now $99”).
44
Yield Management
Dynamic pricing strategy based on real-time demand and timing — often used in airlines, hotels, or event tickets.
45
Premium Pricing
Setting a high price to signal luxury, exclusivity, or superior quality — think designer brands or high-end tech.
46
Price War
Competitive battle where companies continuously lower prices to undercut each other — can hurt profits and market stability.
47
Horizontal Price-Fixing
Illegal agreement between competitors at the same level (e.g., two brands) to fix prices — reduces competition.
48
Vertical Price-Fixing
Illegal price agreement between businesses at different levels (e.g., manufacturer and retailer) to control resale prices.
49
Price Gouging
Charging excessively high prices during a crisis or emergency — often seen as unethical and may be regulated.
50
Surge Pricing
Dynamic pricing that increases during high demand periods — common in services like ride-sharing (Uber, etc.).
51
OFT (Office of Fair Trading)
UK government body (now replaced by CMA) that used to monitor fair trading and protect consumer rights.
52
53
Loss Leader
A product sold at a loss to attract customers into the store, hoping they’ll buy other, more profitable items.
54
Captive Pricing
Pricing the core product low, but charging high prices for necessary accessories or add-ons (like razors and blades).
55
Allowance
A price reduction or incentive given to retailers or distributors, often for promotional efforts, bulk buying, or returning old stock.
56
EDLP (Everyday Low Pricing)
Strategy of consistently offering low prices without frequent discounts or sales — builds trust and convenience (think Walmart).
57
High-Low Pricing Strategy
Charging high prices normally, but running frequent sales or promotions — creates excitement and urgency (think department stores).
58
Benchmarking
Comparing your company’s performance, products, or practices against top competitors or industry standards to improve.
59
Brand Switching
When a customer stops buying one brand and starts buying a competitor’s — often driven by price, quality, or dissatisfaction.
60
Brand Hopping
Frequently switching between brands without long-term loyalty — often driven by deals, novelty, or curiosity.
61
Pull Strategy
Marketing approach that targets consumers directly to create demand, so they “pull” the product through the supply chain (ads, promotions, etc.).
62
Push Strategy
Promoting products to retailers or distributors to “push” them to sell to consumers — involves trade shows, incentives, and personal selling.
63
Social Influence Marketing (SIM)
Using influencers, creators, or real users on social media to build trust and drive brand awareness or sales.
64
Below the Line (BTL)
Targeted, direct marketing (e.g. email, events, coupons) aimed at specific groups — more personal, measurable.
65
Above the Line (ATL)
Broad, mass-media marketing (TV, radio, billboards) aimed at building brand awareness across large audiences.
66
SEO (Search Engine Optimization)
Référencement naturel
Optimizing content to rank higher in search engine results — improves organic (unpaid) visibility and traffic.
67
Search Engine Marketing (SEM)
Paid strategies to boost a website’s visibility on search engines — includes PPC and ads.
68
SMO (Social Media Optimization)
Using social platforms and tools to increase awareness, engagement, and shareability of content.
69
Affiliate Marketing
Promoting other companies’ products and earning a commission for sales through your referral link.
70
AdSense Advertising
Google’s program that lets websites display targeted ads and earn money when users click on them.
71
PPC (Pay-Per-Click)
A digital ad model where advertisers pay each time a user clicks their ad — used in search engines and websites.
72
Inbound Links (Backlinks)
Links from other websites pointing to your content — boosts SEO and site authority.
73
Outbound Links
Links from your site to external websites — can support SEO and provide value to users.
74
Content Marketing
Creating valuable, relevant content (blogs, videos, etc.) to attract and retain a target audience — builds trust and loyalty.
75
AIDA
Attention
Interest
Desire
Action
76
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
77
8P Model
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
Process (customer’s experience)
Partnership
Physical evidence
People (workers)
Productivity ? (Quality of delivery)
78
4P Model
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
79
Core Product
The fundamental benefit or solution the customer is buying — e.g., transportation when you buy a car.
80
Actual Product
The tangible item or service itself, with features and design — e.g., the car with brand, model, color.
81
Augmented Product
Extra value-added services or benefits — e.g., warranty, free delivery, financing options.
82
Stars (BCG Matrix)
High market growth, high market share — invest heavily! They’re profitable and have potential to grow more.
83
Cash Cows (BCG Matrix)
Low growth, high market share — stable, profitable, and fund the rest of the portfolio.
84
Question Marks (BCG Matrix)
High growth, low market share — risky investments. Could become Stars or sink as Dogs.
85
Dogs (BCG Matrix)
Low growth, low market share — often not profitable and may be phased out.
86
Line Filling
Adding more products within the existing product line range to fill gaps and serve more customer needs.
87
Line Stretching
Expanding the product line beyond its current range — upward (more premium), downward (more budget), or both.
