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Biology > Monera - Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Monera - Chapter 20 Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Micro-organism definition

A

Small living things

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2
Q

Distribution

A

Terrestrial: soil, dust, air sewage
Aquatic: Salt water, fresh water, swamps

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3
Q

3 types and examples of bacteria

A
  1. Round- Found in pairs, chains and clusters eg. pneumonia
  2. Rod- May contain spores eg. tuberculosis
  3. Spiral- Called vibrio when shaped like a comma eg. cholera
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4
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

They reproduce asexually through binary fission. When a cell reaches a certain size the chromosome copies itself. The cell elongates with a strand of DNA attached to each end. The cell is divided down the middle and forms 2 equal sized cells

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5
Q

How are mutations in bacteria beneficial

A

The offspring is genetically identical.
The short life cycle means that new variation can be passed down quickly

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6
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes and why?

A

Prokaryotes as they don’t have membrane enclosed organelles

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7
Q

What are autotrophic bacteria and 2 examples

A

Bacteria that can make its own food
1. Photosynthetic
2. Chemosynthetic

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8
Q

Chemosynthetic meaning

A

Bacteria that can make their own food by the energy released in a chemical reaction

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9
Q

Photosynthetic

A

Bacteria that can make their own food through sunlight

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10
Q

What are heterotrophic bacteria and 2 examples

A

Bacteria that are not able to make their own food
1. Saprophytes
2. Parasites

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11
Q

Saprophytes meaning

A

Bacteria that take in their food from dead organisms and are also called decomposers

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12
Q

Parasites meaning

A

Bacteria that take in their food through a live host and usually cause harm

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13
Q

What are symbiotic organisms and name them

A

One species that live in a close relationship with a second species where at least one benefits
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism

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14
Q

Mutualism meaning

A

Both benefit

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15
Q

Commensalism meaning

A

One benefits but doesn’t harm the host

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16
Q

Parasitism meaning

A

One benefits and harms the host

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17
Q

What are the factors that affect the growth of bacteria

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Temperature
  3. pH
  4. Pressure
  5. External solute concentration
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18
Q

How does oxygen affect the growth of bacteria

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A

Bacteria undertake aerobic respiration and also anaerobic respiration.
Facultative aerobes can only use oxygen

19
Q

What are obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes

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A

Obligate aerobes- Can’t live in the presence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes- Can only live with oxygen

20
Q

How does temperature affect the growth of bacteria

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A

Most grow at 10-30 C. Some grow better at high temps others at lower but in general lower means slow growth rates or they stop growing

21
Q

How does pH affect the growth of bacteria

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A

Most live in the range 6-8 but enzymes can denature in pH extremes

22
Q

How does pressure affect the growth of bacteria

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A

Growth is inhibited by high pressure as bacterial walls are not strong enough. Some can withstand eg. found in deep sea vents

23
Q

How does external solute concentration affect the growth of bacteria

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A

Bacteria found in the Dead Sea can survive high salt concentration. In general high sugar/salt will loose water through osmosis. Dehydrating stops enzymes from working. If external solute is low enough water will enter

24
Q

How do bacteria survive adverse conditions

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A

When environmental conditions are unfavourable they can produce endospores.

25
How are spores created
The DNA is replicated. The contents of the cell shrinks. The tougher outer coat is forms producing an endospore. When favorable conditions reuten spores take in water ad break outer wall. New bacterium divides by binary fission
26
Advantages of bacteria in industry
Act as decomposers Can produce medicine such as antibiotics and insulin Can produce cheese, butter and yogurt
27
Disadvantages of bacteria in industry
Can cause food spoilage Can cause disease
28
Pathogens meaning
Disease causing organisms
29
Antibiotics meaning
Chemicals produced by microorganisms that stop the growth of other microorganisms without damaging human tissue
30
Antibiotic resistance meaning
When bacteria develop defenses against the antibiotics designed to kill them. Gene carrying it passed on through the plasmids
31
Misuse of antibiotics
1. Overprescribing antibiotics (patients will become resistant) 2. Not finishing the course (some bacteria may still be present even when symptoms stop)
32
Sterile meaning
Free from all microbes. Can be done by steaming at 120C for 20 minutes Also known as autoclaving
33
Asepsis meaning
Excluding microbes from as much of the environment as possible (covering clothes, anti-bac spray)
34
Name the 5 stages on the growth curve
1. Lag 2. Log 3. Stationary 4. Decline/death 5. Survival
35
What happens during the lag phase
Numbers remain constant. Adapting to their new environment
36
What happens during the log phase
Numbers increase rapidly. Max rate of reproduction
37
What happens during the stationary phase
No increase of numbers. Lack of nutrients/space/oxygen etc.
38
What happens during the decline/death phase
Rapid fall in numbers. Death rate greater than rate of reproduction
39
What happens during the surivial phase
Bacteria survive as spores
40
Bioreactor meaning
Vessel where cells, organisms/enzymes are placed to manufacture specific products
41
Batch culture meaning
Growth of cells in a sealed container over a short period of times and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up
42
How does batch culture work
Bioreactor is filled with fixed amount of nutrients and culture. Bacteria go through all phases. Liquid is removed and filtered at the end. Yogurt and antibiotics can be made.
43
Continuous flow meaning
Food processing is the growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and the number of cells
44
How does continuous flow work
Bioreactor is filled with medium and microbes are set up. When microbes in log phase fresh sterile medium is added. Continuous flow of SRP's are removed through the bottom

Biology (3 decks)

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