Monitors

Question 1

Flow volume loop what’s on top and what’s on bottom

Answer 1

expiration on top, inspirations on bottom

Question 2

flow volume loop, bottom is blunted

Answer 2

variable extrathoracic obstruction

Question 3

flow volume loop, top is blunted

Answer 3

variable intrathoracic obsturction

Question 4

flow volume loop, both blunted

Answer 4

fixed large airway obstruction

Question 5

peak pressures represents what

Answer 5

maximal resp pressure reached at end-inspiration
Sum of PEEP + Pelastic and Pres

Question 6

after elimination of resistance, resultant pressure will represent what

Answer 6

plateau pressure

Question 7

what is plateau pressure

Answer 7

sum of elastic pressure plus Peep
peak alveolar pressure equivalent

Question 8

what is resistive pressure

Answer 8

pressure required to generate constant laminar flow in the airways at initiation of inspiration , increased in asthma, pulm edema acute, ards, copd

Question 9

Dynamic effective compliance

Answer 9

= (Peak - PEEP)/tidal volume, compliance and resistance components but measures impedence

Question 10

Pplat - PEEP = ???

Answer 10

Elastic pressure, pressure necessary to maintain progressive inflation of resp system

Question 11

Static effective compliance

Answer 11

= (Plateau - PEEP)/tidal volume

Question 12

what is dynamic effective compliance reduced by

Answer 12

decreased in lung or chest wall compliance or increase in resistance

Question 13

airway occlusion pressure

Answer 13

measurement of resp NM activity, developed at trachea during first 0.1s of inspiratory effort against occluded airway (normal 90cm)

Question 14

maximal inspiratory pressure

Answer 14

isometric pressure measured in totally occluded airway after 20 seconds of 10 breathing efforts. more negative is ability to tolerate extubation, less than -20 is contraindication

Question 15

wavelengths that pulse ox emits

Answer 15

660nm red and 940nm near infrared

Question 16

oxygenated blood absorbs what from pulse ox

Answer 16

absorbs more IR light, deoxygenated blood absorbs more red light

Question 17

falsely normal/high SpO2 with leftward shift in dissociation curve

Answer 17

carboxyhemoglobinemia and methemoglobinemia

Question 18

falsely normal or high SpO2 with rightward shift in diss curve

Answer 18

sulfhemoglobinemia

Question 19

as a person ages, there’s an expected _____ in PaO2

Answer 19

decrease

Question 20

A-a gradient in healthy individuals

Answer 20

10

Question 21

A-a gradient normal in presence of hypoxemia, then hypoxemia is secondary what

Answer 21

hypoventilation or decreased inspired oxygen

Question 22

A-a gradient increased in presence of hypoxemia then it’s secondary to what

Answer 22

V/Q mismatch, pulmonary shunt, diffusion barrier

Question 23

If both pH and PaCO2 move in same direction is it resp or metabolic

Answer 23

metabolic

Question 24

normal anion gap causes

Answer 24

fistulas (pancreatic), saline admin, hyperPTH, diarrhea, carbonic anhydrase inhib, RTA, spironolactone

Question 25

as temp decreases, solubility of O2 and CO2 ______

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

as temp decreases, PO2 and PCO2 ______

Answer 26

decrease

Question 27

for every decrease in temp 1C, pH will increase by _______

Answer 27

0.015

Question 28

volatile agents effect on EEG

Answer 28

progressive depression at higher doses, burst suppression at 1.5 MAC

Question 29

IV anesthetic affect on EEG

Answer 29

at higher doses, produce typical EEG anesthetic depression

Question 30

Nitrous oxide and ketamine effect on EEG

Answer 30

N2O produces fast oscillatory EEG, ketamine increases theta, no burst suppression

Question 31

Opioids effect on EEG

Answer 31

loss of beta waves, slow alpha waves, increase in delta waves

Question 32

precedex EEG

Answer 32

slow-wave sleep

Question 33

hypoglycemia EEG

Answer 33

increased delta and theta

Question 34

CBF EEG

Answer 34

rapid and progressive changes, loss of high-frequency activity, loss of power and EEG silence

Question 35

delta (0-4hz)

Answer 35

deep sleep, vague dreams

Question 36

theta (4-8Hz)

Answer 36

drowsiness

Question 37

Alpha (12-25Hz)

Answer 37

awake, non-focused, eyes closed

Question 38

beta (12-25)

Answer 38

awake and alert, focused attention, problem solving, eyes open

Question 39

Gamma (25-100)

Answer 39

extreme focus, cognitive processing

Question 40

initial intraop temp drop cause

Answer 40

redistribution

Question 41

most heat lost in periop setting

Answer 41

radiation

Question 42

critical velocity =

Answer 42

reynolds number*viscosity / density*radius

Question 43

fixed-orifice flowmeters

Answer 43

channel gas thorugh narrowed conduit, narrowing increases resistance to flow dropping the pressure of the gas as it exits, velocity and pressure flowmeter

Question 44

variable orifice flowmeter

Answer 44

use drop in pressure across resistor to calculate flow but contain a flap that opens the diameter of the orifice at high flows and narrows at low flows

Question 45

Thorpe tube

Answer 45

constant pressure, variable orifice, bobbin stops rising or falling when pressure difference above and below equals weight

Question 46

Bourdon tube

Answer 46

measure and display high pressure of gas cyclinders, contstnt orifice and variable pressure

Question 47

high airway pressure alarm

Answer 47

when peak or plateau pressure reaches above set threshold

Question 48

continuing pressure alarm

Answer 48

when pressure is greater tha 10cm H2O for more than 15 seconds, signals that gas is unable to exit system and pressure is gradually building within, relief valve is stuck, oxygen flush activated, APL closed, scavenging system occluded

Question 49

low pressure alarm

Answer 49

when circuit doesn't reach a min threshold within specific period of time

Question 50

airway fire steps

Answer 50

remove tracheal tube, stop flow of airway gases, remove any flammable material, pour saline

Question 51

line isolation system

Answer 51

protect people from electrocution in OR by power isolation and continuous monitoring of the isolated power system integrity, designed to detect short circuits or leakage currents and to alert OR personale if peice of equip is no longer isolated from ground

Question 52

microshock

Answer 52

current applied directly to the heart, LIM will not alarm for these currents

Question 53

macroshock

Answer 53

occurs when much larger current passes through the body usually skin

Question 54

_____ the transthoracic impedance against an electrical current can improve successful defibrillation

Answer 54

decreasing

Question 55

ways to decrease impedance of defibrillation

Answer 55

applying firm pressure (25lb), proper paddle sizes and gel, defibrillation during end-expiration, stacked shock strenghts

Question 56

when on ekg does synchronized cardioversion take place

Answer 56

R wave of QRS