Monk - Social Psychology Test Revision 21/09/18

Question 1

CONFORMITY - is ‘a change in behaviour or belief ……

Answer 1

as a result of real or imagined group pressure’ (David Myers, 1999)

Question 2

COMPLIANCE - publicly conforming to the behaviour or views of….

Answer 2

others but privately maintaining one’s own views. Could result from Normative Social Influence

Question 3

INTERNALISATION - A conversion, or true change of private views to match….

Answer 3

those of the group. Could be the result of Informational Social Influence. NOT DEPENDANT ON THE PRESENCE OF THE GROUP.

Question 4

IDENTIFICATION - Adopting the views or behaviour of the group…..

Answer 4

publicly and privately because one values membership of that group. DEPENDS ON THE PRESENCE OF THE GROUP

Question 5

NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE - The …..

Answer 5

desire to be liked

Question 6

INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE - The ….

Answer 6

desire to be right

Question 7

ANTI-CONFORMITY - Individuals who …….

Answer 7

consistently oppose the norms of the group

Question 8

INDEPENDENCE - Unresponsive……

Answer 8

to the norms of the group

Question 9

DISPOSITIONAL EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOUR - (who we are) presumes people will act according to……

Answer 9

their individual personalities regardless of the situation

Question 10

SITUATIONAL EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOUR - (the situation we are in) presumes people will act in a way they….

Answer 10

think is required by their social role - what is normal/expected in different situations (i.e. will they conform to the role they have been assigned)

Question 11

OBEDIENCE - A form of social influence where an individual follows…..

Answer 11

a direct order from an authoritative figure. This authoritative figure has the power to punish when individuals are not being obedient

Question 12

Research support for NSI?

Answer 12

The people who said the incorrect answer were afraid of disapproval which caused the people to conform instead of saying what they thought was correct

Question 13

Individual differences for NSI?

Answer 13

People respond differently in certain situations. This means people choose to conform due to NSI and some choose not to conform

Question 14

Research support for ISI?

Answer 14

People tend to conform when they don’t know the answer to a question. This means they copy others who they think is right in order to say the correct answer

Question 15

Individual differences for ISI?

Answer 15

People respond differently in different situations. This means that some people may choose to stick to what they think is right and others may copy those around them.

Question 16

Asch’s Line Study Aim and participants?

Answer 16

To see if people would conform to a majority when given an unambiguous situation

• 123 male undergraduate participants

Question 17

Asch’s Line Study Procedure?

Answer 17

• 8-10 participants sat round a table
• Each participant shown 18 sets of lines in total, on 12 of these trials the confederates gave the same answer - known as critical trials

Question 18

Asch’s Line Study Results?

Answer 18

• On the critical trials, 36.8% of responses were incorrect (participants conformed to the wrong response)
• 25% never conformed, meaning 75% conformed at least once

Question 19

Asch’s Variation?

Answer 19

• Unanimity
• Task difficulty
• Size of majority

Question 20

Unanimity?

Answer 20

• Less conformity when some of the confederates didn’t conform- 25% on critical trials

Question 21

Supports for unanimity?

Answer 21

Supports NSI as an explanation for conformity and ISI as an explanation for conformity. This decreases conformity because you have someone who likes you because they agree with you and clarify your answer.

Question 22

Task difficulty?

Answer 22

More difficult or unclear task = more conformity (ISI)

Question 23

Supports for Task difficulty ?

Answer 23

Supports ISI as an explanation for conformity because you are likely to pick the answer everyone picks because you think it is right

Question 24

Size of Majority?

Answer 24

1 confederate = no conformity
2 confederates = 12.8% conformity on critical trials
3 confederates = 32% conformity because if there are more people there is more need to feel liked instead of right

Question 25

Positives for Asch’s Line Study?

Answer 25

- Replicable ~ this increases the reliability because the results would be consistent - High internal validity- this took away an extraneous variables because the experiment took places in a lab

Question 26

Negatives for Asch’s Line Study ?

Answer 26

- Only used men so the findings can not be applied to women - Generalisability ( Neto did the study and found different results) - Only used undergraduate students - Generalisability - Not applicable to the real world- low external validity

Question 29

Zimbardo’s Study Aim?

Answer 29

To see if dispositional factors or situational factors affect conformity to social roles

Question 30

Zimbardo’s Study Participants?

Answer 30

- Male students (paid $15 per day) - 24 most stable participants (tests to see who was the most mentally and physically fit) - 2 reserves, 1 dropped out, 10 prisoners, 1 guards

Question 31

Zimbardo’s Study Procedure ?

Answer 31

- Prisoners were arrested at home. Put through delousing (booking) procedure, searched, given uniforms. Guards had uniforms. Prisoners were allowed to certain rights (supervised toilet trips, 2hrs reading or letter writing.

Question 32

Zimbardo’s Study Results?

Answer 32

Guards grew increasingly tyrannical, prisoners depressed. 5 prisoners had to be released early with extreme depression. - experiment was supposed to be 2 weeks but ended after 6 days.

Question 33

Zimbardo’s Study Conclusion?

Answer 33

Guards and prisoners conformed to the social roles they were assigned, supporting the situational explanation of behaviour.

Question 34

Milgram’s Study Aim ?

Answer 34

To see if participant will obey people in authority

Question 35

Milgram’s Study Participants?

Answer 35

40 men between 20 and 40

Question 36

Milgram’s Study Procedure?

Answer 36

Participants were introduced to the confederate. The experimenter drew names to see who was the participant and teacher (rigged). The participants had to shock (15V to 450V) the confederate each time they got an answer wrong. The participants were given 3 prompts before they could stop or had reached 450V then could stop.

Question 37

Milgram’s Study Results?

Answer 37

- 65% went to the maximum voltage of 450V

Question 38

Positives for Milgram’s Study?

Answer 38

- his findings have been replicated in other cultures and they generally found the same results (Miranda found 90% obedience) - he has good control variables ~ he could change one variable but keep everything the same this improves accuracy - Validity

Question 39

Negatives for Milgram’s Study?

Answer 39

- deception- told participants shocks weren’t dangerous - right to withdraw- participants were given three prompts before being able to leave - protection of participants- one participant had a seizure because he was so uncomfortable with carrying on

Question 40

Milgram’s Study Variations?

Answer 40

- Location - Proximity - Uniform

Question 41

Location ?

Answer 41

Less obedience when the venue is not prestigious

Question 42

Proximity?

Answer 42

The closer the experimenter the more obedience the further away the experimenter the less obedience

Question 43

Positives for Zimbardo’s Study?

Answer 43

- Realistic ~ nobody was acting. They were just given social roles and put into prison. - There were some control variables over the experiment (most stable participants)

Question 44

Negatives for Zimbardo’s Study ?

Answer 44

- Didn’t reflect real life ~ prisons normally have set rules in order to keep prisoners safe - Zimbardo didn’t protect his participants which affected them causing them to be mentally traumatised