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Integrated Studies in Mental Health > Mood disorders > Flashcards

Mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 spectrums of mental illnesses?

A

anxiety disorders
affective disorders
psychoses

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of anxiety disorders?

A

panic disorder
GAD (generalised anxiety disorder)
OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)
agoraphobia

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of affective disorder?

A

major depression
bipolar disorder
dysthymia

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of psychoses?

A

schizophrenia
schizoaffective

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5
Q

What are the 2 broad types of affective disorder?

A

only depressive symptoms
oscillation between depression and manic symptoms

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6
Q

What is depression?

A

flattened mood
sadness
feeling worthlessness and guilt
withdrawal from others
changes in sleep and appetite

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7
Q

What is mania?

A

abnormally elevated mood
intense elation or irritability
hyperactivity, talkativeness, distractibility

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8
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for MDD (major depressive disorder)?

A

depressed mood OR loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia) for a minimum of 2 weeks, that is not due to normal bereavement, plus any 5 of these: :
Sleep
Interest
Guilt
Energy
Concentration
Appetite
Psychomotor retardation
Suicidality

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9
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

A

sadness
loss of interest/pleasure
overwhelmed
anxiety
excessive/inappropriate guilt
diminished ability to think/concentrate
indecisiveness

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10
Q

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

A

vague aches and pains
headache
sleep disturbances
fatigue
back pain
significant change in appetite resulting in weight loss/gain

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11
Q

What are the somatic consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A

cognitive impairment
obesity
diabetes mellitus
heart disease
mortality
cancer
disability

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11
Q

What are the somatic consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A

cognitive impairment
obesity
diabetes mellitus
heart disease
mortality
cancer
disability

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12
Q

What are the symptom variation between children and adults with depression?

A

children - stomach aches and headaches
older adults - distractibility and forgetfulness

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13
Q

MDD is twice as common in women than men. True or False?

A

True

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14
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

bipolar disorder usually involves episodes of depression alternating with mania

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15
Q

What is mania?

A

a state of intense elation or irritability

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16
Q

What are mixed episodes?

A

symptoms of both mania and depression in the same week

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17
Q

What is hypomania?

A

symptoms of mania but less intense with four or more days of elevated mood and does not interfere with functioning

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18
Q

Hypomania alone is a DSM diagnostic category. True or False?

A

False - hypomania alone is not a DSM diagnostic category

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19
Q

Explain what the 3 forms of bipolar are?

A

bipolar I - at least one episode/mania/mixed episodes
bipolar II - at least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania
cyclothymia - milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder that lasts at least 2 years with numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms

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20
Q

What is the DSM-5 Criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes?

A

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood plus 3 of the following (4 if mood is irritable):
psychomotor agitation
excessive talking or pressured speech
flights of ideas; racing thoughts
reduced need for sleep
grandiosity or inflated self esteem
easily distractible
excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with negative consequences

21
Q

According to the DSM-5 Criteria, how long do symptoms have to have lasted for manic episodes?

A

symptoms last for 1 week OR require hospitalisation
symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment

22
Q

According to the DSM-5 Criteria, how long do symptoms have to have lasted for hypomanic episodes?

A

symptoms last at least 4 days with clear changes in functioning but impairment is not marked

23
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of depressive and bipolar disorders?

A

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)
postpartum onset
melancholic

24
Q

What is SAD?

A

seasonal affective disorder is characterised by episodes that happen regularly at a particular time of the year. It is more common in Scandinavian countries e.g. Norway/Sweden, with lack of sunlight

25
Q

What are the effects of SAD?

A

impacts the body’s normal circadian rhythm

26
Q

What is postpartum onset?

A

occurs as a result of huge changes in progesterone levels. This happens within 4 weeks of giving birth

27
Q

What is melancholic?

A

inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

28
Q

How does genes affect MDD?

A

MDD clusters within families
1st degree relatives of patients with MDD has a 3x increased risk of MDD

29
Q

What is the limitation of genes as a cause of MDD?

A

Genetic variants confer an increased risk only in the presence of exposure to stressors and other adverse environmental circumstances

30
Q

What factors affect MDD?

A

genes
environment
genes and environment
endocrine system
brain chemicals
brain regions
immune system

31
Q

What factors affect MDD?

A

genes
environment
genes and environment
endocrine system
brain chemicals
brain regions
immune system

32
Q

What is the main determinant of environmental factors in the cause of MDD?

A

The stress response

33
Q

What are the 2 types of stress?

A

chronic stress
acute stress

34
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD?

A

serotonin (5-HT)
noradrenaline (NA)

35
Q

How are serotonin and noradrenaline associated with MDD?

A

they are associated with low levels of 5-HT and NA

36
Q

How are serotonin and noradrenaline associated with mania?

A

they are associated with high levels of NA and low levels of 5-HT

37
Q

What is the function of the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A

important in regulating and inhibiting our response to emotions

38
Q

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

key brain region involved in the executive functions including cognition and emotions

39
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

memory formation (good and bad)

40
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

fear processing

41
Q

What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

connected to both the “emotional” limbic system and the “cognitive” prefrontal cortex

42
Q

How does the immune system affect MDD?

A

MDD is an inflammatory disorder with prior severe infections and autoimmune diseases increasing the risk of developing MDD
patients with MDD show increased serum levels of cytokines e.g. TNF and IL-6

43
Q

What are the 3 main classes of drug treatment for depression?

A

tricyclic antidepressants
SSRIs/SNRIs
MAOIs

44
Q

What class of drug treatment is first line and why?

A

SSRIs because of their favourable side effects

45
Q

Name 5 tricyclic antidepressant drugs

A

clomipramine
amitriptyline
doxepin
imipramine
desipramine

46
Q

What are the preferred uses of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

depression with:
pain
fibromyalgia
migraine
insomnia

47
Q

What are the least preferred uses of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

overweight patients
suicidal patients
cardiac patients
patients with dementia
patients in whom anticholinergic effects would be problematic

48
Q

What are some of the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

weight gain
drowsiness
sedation
postural hypotension

49
Q

What are the consequences of tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

A

confusion
convulsions
tachycardia
hypotension
ventricular arrhythmia which can lead to death
suicide

50
Q

How do you treat tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

A

removal of the remaining drug in the stomach
anticonvulsant agent (diazepam)
antiarrhythmic drugs and further cardiac support

Integrated Studies in Mental Health (1 decks)

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