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Psychopathology Exam 2 > Mood Disorders and Suicide > Flashcards

Mood Disorders and Suicide Flashcards

1
Q

Why do some, but not all, people become mentally ill following stressful life events?

A
  • Diathesis-stress model
  • Neurobiological vulnerabilities
  • Lack of social support (those with depression tend to have sparse social networks); social support may buffer against social support
  • Expressed emotion can trigger depression
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2
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Individuals are pre-disposed to have mental illness that may never come to fruition, but due to stressors, it may emerge

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3
Q

Anxiety

A

A feeling of dread or gnawing apprehension about vague or unrealized threats and hardships, that exist sometime in the future but are not a clear, immediate danger to well-being

or

FEAR in the ABSENCE OF DANGER (get anxious to protect ourselves)

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4
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Recurrent, uncued panic attacks, followed by psychological or behavioral problems
  • Followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern of having another attack
  • Not due to drugs or medical condition
  • 1 to 2% of the general population
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5
Q

Panic Attack

A
  • Heart palpitations
  • Sensation of shortness of breath or smothering
  • A feeling of a sense of emergency
  • Shaking
  • Feeling of choking
  • Nausea or abdominal distress
  • Dizzy
  • Derealization (unreality) or depersonalization (detached from oneself)
  • Fear of losing control or going crazy
  • Paresthesias (numbing or tingling sensation)
  • Chills or hot flushes
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6
Q

Paradoxical Intention

A
  • The deliberate practice of the thought or habit in order to identify and remove it
  • Developed by Victor Frankl as a therapeutic technique, clients are encouraged to intensify their symptoms in order to increase their awareness of the symptom and its consequences. Also aids clients to see the absurdity of their symptom
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7
Q

Trying to increase thoughts…

A

can paradoxically decrease their occurrence

  • Don’t think about white bears for 4 minutes
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8
Q

Specific Phobias

A
  • Persistent Fear that is excessive
  • Exposure to the stimulus provokes immediate anxiety
  • The person recognizes the fear as unreasonable
  • The phobic situation is avoided
  • The phobia interferes with the person’s normal routine, occupation, social activities, or there is marked distress
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9
Q

Phobias

A

An intense or persistent fear of an object or a situation and avoidance of the phobic stimulus

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10
Q

Arachnophobia

A

Spider

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11
Q

Ophidiophobia

A

Snake

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12
Q

Acrophobia

A

Heights

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13
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of places when can’t escape

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14
Q

Cynophobia

A

Fear of dogs

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15
Q

Astraphobia

A

Fear of thunder and lightning

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16
Q

Trypanophobia

A

Fear of injections

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17
Q

Pteromerhanophobia

A

Fear of flying

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18
Q

Mysophobia

A

Fear of germs

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19
Q

Arachibutyrobphobia

A

Peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth

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20
Q

Pedophobia

A

Fear of children

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21
Q

Animal (Subtypes of Phobias)

A

Generally begins during childhood

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22
Q

Natural Environment (Subtypes of Phobias)

A

Generally begins during childhood (e.g. lightning)

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23
Q

Blood-injection-injury (Subtypes of Phobias)

A

Runs in family; profile or heart rate slowing and possible fainting when facing feared stimulus

24
Q

Situational (Subtypes of Phobias)

A

(e.g. public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators); tends to begin in childhood or mid-20s

25
Q

Other (Subtypes of Phobias)

A

fear of choking, fear of contracting an illness, children’s fear of clowns

26
Q

Social Phobias (Social Anxiety Disorder)

A
  • Avoidance of certain actions in front of other people, for fear of embarrassment or humiliation in social situations
    • e.g. public speaking
  • Can affect employment, social life
  • Community bases studies range from 3 to 13%
27
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A
  • A chronic state of diffuse anxiety
  • Excessive and uncontrolled worry - for 6 months
  • Restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tensions, sleep disturbance
  • Causes distress in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning
28
Q

Obsession

A

A thought or an image that keeps intruding into a person’s consciousness

29
Q

Compulsion

A

An action that a person feels compelled to repeat again and again, in a stereotyped fashion, though he or she has no conscious desire to do so

30
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A
  • Feeling you tripped someone and having to go back and check where you walked to make sure no one is hurt
  • Closing a door - checking rituals to appease the anxiety
  • “step on a crack”
  • Fear of contamination - washing
31
Q

OCPD

A
  • No obsessions and compulsions
  • Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control beginning in early adulthood
  • Excessively devoted to work
  • Unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value
  • Rigid, stubborn, miserly spending style
32
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A
  • A severe psychological reaction, lasting at least one month and involving intense fear, helplessness, or horror, to intensely traumatic events
  • An intense re-experiencing of the traumatic event through recollection or nightmares
  • Due to war, natural disaster, civilian catastrophe, or personal trauma
  • Acute Stress Disorder (Before one month)
33
Q

War

A
  • In WW II - 15 to 20% of combat infantry were willing to fire their rifles
  • In Korea- about 50%
  • In Vietnam - 90%
    • Teaching soldiers to overcome their natural tendency not to want to kill through conditioning
  • WWI - “Shell Shock,” “combat fatigue,” “combat neurosis
    • Experience traumatic event –> condemned by society –> substance abuse
34
Q

9/11

A
  • Replaying images
  • Feeling numb and shocked
  • Survivor guilt (why did I survive?)
35
Q

Veterans, Feigning, and PTSD

A
  • Dramatic increase in claims:
    • Most self-report of veterans becomes worse over time until they reach 100% disability. At that point an 82% decline in use of VA mental health services occurs
  • PTSD is the only diagnosis that says you should assess for malingering
36
Q

Personal Injury, Feigning, and PTSD

A
  • After PTSD was put in the DSM-III, personal injury lawsuits in federal court increased by more than 50% over the next decade
  • Claimants may feel they need to exaggerate their claims in order to get what they “fairly deserve”
37
Q

PTSD and Forensics

A
  • One in five adults report that their parents were physically aggressive
  • PTSD is present in 65% of female victims of sexual assault
  • The challenge of letting go of prison routine
    • e.g. sitting on your bunk at count time
  • Being re-victimized in prison (symbolic rape)
38
Q

Five-Stage Model of Change

A
  • Precontemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Determination
  • Action
  • Maintenance
  • Termination
    To help professionals understand their clients with addiction problems
39
Q

The Behavioral Perspective

A

Unlearning Anxiety

  • Systematic Desenitization
    • “Hierarchy of fears” - think about your fears while relaxed
  • Exposure Therapy
    • Confrontation with the feared stimulus by imagining
  • Flooding Technique
    • Person is confronted with the feared stimulus in vivo
40
Q

The Cognitive Behavioral Perspective

A

CBT - its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people’s difficulties, and so change the way they feel
It employs behavior techniques as well

41
Q

The Cognitive Perspective

A

Trigger Stimulus (internal or external) –> perceived threat –> apprehension –> body sensations –> interpretation of sensations as catastrophic

42
Q

The Biological Perspective

A

The Role of Neurotransmitters

  • GABA - implicated in anxiety
  • Norepinephrine - associated with panic disorders (it controls breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate)
  • Serotonin - anxiety - anticipatory anxiety - avoidance of threats not present
    • Majority of serotonin generated in gut (75-80%)
    • Mediterranean diet –> dramatic results related to depression and mood disorders
43
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Valium (diazepam)
  • Xanax (alprazolam)
  • Ativan (lorazepam)
  • Tranxene (chlorazepate)
  • They slow down the working of the CNS (Brain and spinal cord - storage and transmission of information)
44
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Paxil (paroxetine)
  • Zoloft (sertaline)
  • Prozac (fluoxetine)
  • They block the reuptake of neurotransmitters - focusing on serotonin
45
Q

1 Anxiolytic drug

A

Alcohol

46
Q

Treatment of Anxiety

A
  • Drugs can only suppress the symptoms
  • Psychotherapy must be utilized in order to eliminate the anxiety permanently
  • Therapy better in long term for mood related issues
47
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A
  • Depressed mood - unhappiness, melancholy
  • Loss of pleasure or interest in usual activities (anhedonia)
  • Distrubance of appetite
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feeling worthless or guilty
  • Recurrent thought of death/suicide
  • Poor concentration
  • Sleep disturbance
  • For 2 weeks
  • In children the mood may be irritable rather than sad
48
Q

Agitated Depression

A

Psychomotor Agitation

- hand wringing, pacing, moaning

49
Q

Atypical Depression

A

subtype of Dysthymia and Major Depression characterized by mood reactivity - being able to experience improved mood in response to positive events

50
Q

Depression Rates

A
  • Rates for European Americans are higher than African Americans and Mexican Americans
  • Higher for divorced or separated people
  • Higher for women than men - 2x
51
Q

Bipolar Disorder - Manic Episode

A

(Can last for days or months)

  • Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
  • Inflated self-esteem “I’m extremely attractive”
  • Sleeplessness - may only sleep 2 to 3 hours
  • Talkativeness
  • Flight of ideas - shift abruptly
  • Distractibility
  • Hyperactivity
  • Reckless behavior - euphoria leads to “shopping sprees”
52
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A

mild, persistent, low energy, low self-esteem

53
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

milder, but they have hypomanic and depressive episodes

54
Q

Bipolar I

A

One manic or mixed (manic and depressive) episode and one (but don’t need to) major depressive episode

55
Q

Bipolar II

A

Major depressive episode and a hypomanic (not as severe as manic) episode) but no mixed or manic

Psychopathology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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