MOOOOO Flashcards
(306 cards)
1
Q
what are more accustomed to handling diary or beef?
A
diary cows
2
Q
what are reasons for humane handling of livestock
A
-safety
-animal well-being/welfare (stress alters behavior)
-production (stress decreases production)
-beef quality assurance program
3
Q
what is the temperament of castrated males and females?
A
mild or docile in temperament
4
Q
what is the flight zone?
A
an area surrounding an animal, a distance an animal will keep for feeling safe from predators or potential danger
5
Q
how do you move cattle?
A
handler is between the flight zone and the point of balance
6
Q
what should you check before moving cattle?
A
the gates are set properly
7
Q
for standing surgery of the flank which way would you tie the head?
A
toward the side of the incision
8
Q
where should you tie the tail tie to?
A
-always tie the tail tie to the animal or its halter
-do NOT tie it to the chute or pole
9
Q
what are some reasons for casting a cow?
A
-dysotica
-field surgery of feet when no tilting shoot
-correcting a left displaced abomasum by toggling
10
Q
how would you cast a cow for assisting in vaginal delivery?
A
right lateral recumbency
11
Q
how would you cast a cow when doing a C-section when the fetus is emphysematous
A
dorsal recumbency and paramedic approach
12
Q
what caution should be taken when casting a cow into lateral recumbency?
A
-always check for bloat
-prevent aspiration by elevating the larynx above the nose
-prevent radial nerve damage by putting cushion and stretching the bottom front leg forward
13
Q
what are the two casting ties?
A
half hitch
casting-burley
14
Q
reason for tail jack
A
prevent the animal from kicking
-tail bleeding
-manipulation of udder
-rumenocentesis
15
Q
what does the udder cinch do?
A
prevents animal from kicking
16
Q
what cow is this?
A
Jersey
diary
17
Q
what cow is this?
A
Brown Swiss
diary
18
Q
what cow is this?
A
holstein
diary
19
Q
what cow is this?
A
Angus
beef
20
Q
what cow is this?
A
red Angus
beef
21
Q
what cow is this?
A
hereford
beef
22
Q
what cow is this
A
polled Hereford
beef
23
Q
what cow is this?
A
shorthorn
beef, milk
24
Q
what continental breed is this?
A
charolais
-meat milk and work
25
what continental breed is this?
limousin
beef, work
26
what continental cow breed is this?
salers
beef, milk production, work
27
what continental cow breed is this?
braunvieh
-foundation for American brown Swiss
-milk, beef
28
what continental cow breed is this?
simmental
-rapid growth, milk production, draft
29
what continental cow breed is this?
gelbvieh
-milk,meat, draft
30
what continental cow breed is this?
belgian blue
-dual purpose breed
-terminal sires in commercial production
31
what breed of bos indicus cow is this?
brahman
-heat and insect tolerant
32
what type of bos indicus cow breed is this?
santa gertrudis
-calving ease, mothering, milk
33
what type of bos indicus cow breed is this?
Santa Cruz
-heat resistance, Texas, fertile, mothering
34
what type of bos indicus cow breed is this?
beefmaster
-fertility, weight, conformation, hardiness, milk, disposition
-cross brahman bulls with commercial Hereford- shorthorn cows
35
what composite breed is this?
brangus
36
what composite cow breed is this?
red brangus
37
what composite cow breed is this?
braford
38
what composite cow breed is this?
brahmousin
39
what composite cow breed is this?
charbray
40
what composite cow breed is this?
gelbray
41
what composite cow breed is this?
simbrah
42
texas longhorn
calving ease, adaptable
43
adult female lamb
ewe
44
young female lamb
ewe lamb
45
adult intact male lamb
ram
46
young intact male lamb
ram lamb
47
castrated male lamb
wether
48
term for parturition for a lamb?
lambing
49
adult female goat
doe
50
young female goat
doeling
51
adult intact male goat
buck
52
young intact male goat
buckling
53
castrated male goat
wether
54
term for parturition for a goat?
kidding
55
what is primiparous?
individual baring the first offspring
56
what is multiparous?
having had multiple pregnancy or babies
57
do goats or sheep have a filtrum dividing their lip?
sheep
-to help graze
58
do goats or sheep have scent glands near their eye?
sheep
59
difference between goat and sheep tail?
-goats have upright tail
-sheep have down pointing tail
60
do sheep or goats have a scent gland in between their hooves?
sheep
61
what type of sheep is this?
mouflon sheep
-ancestor for all modern sheep
62
what are the common breeds of wool sheep?
hampshire
suffolk
texel
cheviot
dorset
63
what was the wool sheep bred for?
bred to lose ability to shed coat
64
what are common breed of the hair sheep?
dorper
barbados
st. croix
katahdin
65
what are hair sheep mostly used for?
mostly for meat
66
are hair sheep able to shed?
yes and they get lice
67
what breed is this sheep?
merino
-neck folds, wool over entire body
68
what breed of sheep is this?
Lincoln
-long wool with spirals, forelock, bare nose
69
what breed of sheep is this?
hampshire
-white wool, back face/ears, unbroken wool cap
70
what breed of sheep is this?
suffolk
-bald black face, white wool, black ears/limbs
71
what are some notable traits and important info about Suffolk sheep?
-large meat and show breed
-most common US breed
-fast growing, feed efficiency, good carcass quality
72
what breed of sheep is this?
texel
-distinctive short wide face with black nose and wide short ears, all white, barer face
73
what breed of sheep is this?
east friesian
-thick white wool, bald face and ears, pink nose
74
what breed of sheep is this?
katahdin
-varible appearance, multiple colors
75
what breed of sheep is this?
dorper
-pure white or white with black head and neck
76
what breed of sheep is this?
Jacob
-black and white spotted fleece, prominent horns, black cheeks/muzzle/ears
77
what breed of goat is this?
bezoar
78
what breed is the OG ancestor of the goat?
bezoar
79
what breed of goat is this?
Angora
-thin/fine build, fiber ringlets to wavy, horns
80
traits of Angora goats
-LICE
-purpose fiber
81
what breed of goat is this?
Boer
-red or black neck/face, roman nose
82
what breed of goat is this?
spanish
-variable appearance, horns, small udder
83
what breed of goat is this?
alpine
-tricolor, spotted, black and white, variable in appearance
84
what breed of goat is this?
toggenburg
-white markings, females have beards
85
what breed of goat is this?
nubian
-long ears, roman nose, variable in appearance
86
what breed of goat is this?
saanen
-all white, upright long ears
87
what breed of goat is this?
lamancha
-little to no pinna
-dairy
88
what breed of goat is this?
pygmy
-meat goat
89
what breed of goat is this?
nigerian dwarf
-diary goat
90
where do you do routine tail docking in sheep?
three palpable joints
91
adult female camelid
hembra
92
intact male camelid
macho
93
castrated male camelid
gelding
94
neonate camelid
cria
95
partition term camelid
criating
96
berserk male syndrome of camelids
-aberrant behavior syndrome
-aggressive behavior, spitting, biting, rubbing against people
-when bottle fed and over socialized, incorrect imprinting
97
adult female pig
sow
98
maiden female pig
gilt
99
intact male pig
boar
100
castrated male pig
barrow
101
noenate pig
piglet
102
parturition term for pig
farrowing
103
what is the average weight of miniature pig?
<150 lbs
104
what is the average weight of small pig?
mature weight 300-500lbs
105
what is the average weight of medium pig?
boar 500-800lbs
sow 450-650lbs
106
what is the average weight of large pig?
>900 lbs
107
sus scrofa
ancestor to all domestic pigs
-invasive species
108
what is the breed?
tamworth
-very active
-best bacon
109
what is the breed?
duroc
-meat/lard
110
what is the breed?
hampshire
-OG American
111
what breed is this?
Poland china
-meat
112
what is the breed?
landrace
-meat
-sows known for meat production
113
what is the breed?
yorkshire
-most common breed
-meat
114
what is the breed?
Yucatan
-extremely docile
115
what is the breed?
Sinclair
-research model for malignant melanoma
116
what breed is this?
Vietnamese potbellied pig
-zoo pig
117
what breed is this?
Juliana
-pet
118
what is the breed?
kunekune
-pet
119
what is the national animal identification system (NAIS) and purpose?
-through USDA
-track animals moving interstate
-to help rapid trace back of disease
120
What is it called when camelids lay down?
cushing/kushing
121
What are the current issues and concerns with the national ID system?
-RFID tags tend to have a small radius, which limits their usefulness with larger groups of cattle
-concern about property info being widely available
-privacy concerns
122
what are the four forms of official identification?
1. national uniform ear tagging system
2. AIN (animal ID number)
3. flock based number plus herd management number
4. location based number plus herd
123
Live stock ID: what is the AIN ( animal ID number)
3 digit country code plus a series of 12 number
124
Livestock ID: what it the NUES ( national uniform ear tagging system)
Series of numbers that include a postal code or tribal number plus a combo of letters and numbers
125
Livestock ID: what is the flock based number plus herd management number?
state postal code plus unique flock #
plus herd #
126
live stock ID: what is the location based number plus herd management number?
premise ID
location ID
127
What 3 things do RFID tags have on them
US shield
"unlawful to remove"
840 = US country code
128
how long must traceability information be maintained in poultry and swine? all other livestock?
2 yrs
5 yrs for all other livestock species
129
most common method of identification in swine
ear notching
RFID tags
tattoos
microchipping
130
In pet pigs if using microchips where should they be implanted
base of left ear
131
For swine ear notching what does each ear correspond to
Right Ear: Litter number
Left Ear: pig number
132
piggy
133
what are the requirements for moving swine into AZ for commercial breeds of swine?
-federal ear tag
-ear notch plus federal tag
-ear notch plus premise ID tattoo
-slaughter swine must have USDA backtags
134
what are the types of cattle ID
tags
branding
tattoos
135
why would a cow have an ear notch
tested for BVDV
- not a form of ID
136
who is authorized to have the shield tattoo symbol and to administer the vaccine for brucellosis
state vet
137
significance of an orange tag in the right ear of a heifer
vaccinated for brucellosis
( heifer must be between 4-12 mo. to receive the vx)
138
describe the 3 parts of the brucellosis tattoo
1st symbol: R
-strain of brucella vaccine RB51
2nd symbol: veterinary shield
3rd symbol: last number of the year it was administered
139
Describe silver metal tags for cattle
"brite tags"
- permanent ID
- can be used for all cattle not receiving the brucella vaccine
140
T/F: brands are required for all cattle in Arizona
False- required for RANGED cattle
141
common forms of identification in small ruminants
Scrapie tags- linked to premise of origin
Metal Ear tags
Tattoos
Microchips
142
What does a white or silver scrapie tag indicate
normal, low risk animal
143
what does a blue scrapie tag indicate
slaughter only/meat tags
144
what does a red scrapie tag indicate?
positive for scrapie (SCR printed on back)
145
what does yellow scrapie tag indicate
permanently restricted high-risk animal (HR or EX)
146
Where are scrapies tags recommended for placement
left ear in sheep
147
For lamancha goats ( no ears) where are tattoos placed
along the underside of the tail (bc no ears)
148
describe ear tattoos in small ruminants
right ear : registered herd tattoo
left ear: year of birth code letter and individual animal number
149
T/F: sheep are at a higher risk for scrapie than goat
true
150
Where are microchips recommended to be placed in small ruminants
left side of tail web
151
For a small ruminant imported into arizona that is going directly to slaughter what ID is required
USDA or premise ID backtag
152
what is class I milk?
beverages
-milk
153
what is class II milk?
soft products and frozen
154
what is class III milk?
cheese
155
what is class IV milk?
butter and powder products
156
what drives the cost of milk
supply vs. demand
feed, labor, care
157
nutritional needs of heifer calves
-bottle fed 10-15% BW
-ad lib water
-ad lib grain/grass hay (develop rumen)
158
what infectious diseases are you most worried about in calves this young?
diarrhea
159
when do you wean calves?
around 8 weeks old (2 months)
160
when do you vaccinate calves ?
around 6 weeks before weaning
161
what disease are you most worried about in weaned calves?
bovine resp disease
162
when do you aim to breed heifers
65% of mature weight
-700-800 lbs for holsteins
163
what is the goal age you want heifers to calve
22-24 months
164
what does the term freshening mean
that lactation starts at calving
- peak lactation occurs 6 weeks after
-just calved
165
What is the time frame for late lactation in cows
200-305 days
166
what is the time frame when a cow has peak milk production in their lactation cycle?
45-90 days post calving
167
when is the closed up period in the lactation cycle?
21 days before calving
168
what is the time frame for the dry off period in action cycle
305-365 days
to get prepared for next calving
169
during what period of the action cycle should you monitor for disease?
during peak lactation period
170
Describe udder preparation
wipe off dirt
pre dip
fore strip
wipe off dip
attach clusters
post dip
171
how many days is lactation standardized to in the US diary industry
305 days
172
what are health issues commonly seen during lactation?
mastitis
negative energy balance
milk fever
173
What BCS should cows be at calving?
3.25-3.5
174
what is a key to profit for dairy cattle
low feed costs!!
right cows
decreased morbidity and mortality
cleanliness
good record keeping
175
why would you breed new heifers 1 month prior to breeding mature?
bc newer heifers are more likely to have dysotica births and you need time to help them
176
what is the ideal length for a calving season?
60 days
177
what makes good quality colostrum
age of dam
health of dam
nutritional status of dam
breed
178
how do you measure pelvic breeding
pelvimeter
179
what is the role of the stocker industry
inc weight of cattle
inc age of cattle
improves quality of cattle
180
at a feedlot, what is the most common health issue we see?
1. respiratory disease
parasites
181
What is the role of the feedlot/finishing
get animal ready for harvest
adjustment time- acclimate to now environment
feed concentrate diet
182
what clinical signs are pen riders looking for?
isolation- not coming up to feed bunk
coughing
lying down
open mouth breathing
noses
183
what is dressed weight price based on ( beef production)
hot carcass weight at harvest
184
what is grid pricing based on (beef production)
quality grade, yield grade, and other premium discounts
185
what are the 3 possible inspection dispositions
Passed for slaughter
Suspect
Condemned
186
what is the most widely eaten meat in the world?
pork
187
farrow to finish
raise pigs from birth to slaughter
188
farrow to feeder
piglets born
weaned
fed until feeder
solid to finisher
189
what determines the operation types?
labor needs
facility designs
feed costs
population size
190
which operation requires the most labor and feed costs?
farrow to finish
191
what pig breed is known for being lawn mowers and does well on pasture diet?
kunekune
192
what is the common practice in most swine herds
all in all out facility use
- reduces the role of the environment as a reservoir for pathogens on pig farms
193
Gestation period for pigs
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
194
When do most piglet deaths occur
during the first four days of life
-crushing
195
purpose of farrowing crates
protect the piglets from crushing
196
Describe the grower/finisher stage of pig production
"feeder pigs"
- fed to ~280 lbs
- no difference in management of growers and finishers
197
temperature requirement for newborn piglets?
90-95F
sows require 65-75F
198
when are piglets weaned?
3-4 weeks
199
describe a nursery for piglets
2-3 litters
~ 15-30 piglets
-gradual transition from milk to grain based diet
- raised to 40-60 lbs
200
why are piglets in the nursery stage so susceptible to disease?
stress from weaning
decrease Ig from colostrum
commingling of groups
dietary changes
201
key to profit on pig production
high level of biosecurity
good management
low feed costs
202
Ruminant Classification: soluble fibers, berries, fruit
concentrated selectors
203
Ruminant classification: most advance to foregut utilization
grass/roughage feeders
204
ruminant classification: more fiber components and adaptable to both concentrated and low-quality feeds
intermediate selectors
205
adult cattle strongly reject
bitter tastes (alkaloids)
206
what percent does feed cost represent in ruminant production
45-60
207
Ruminant production systems and the diets they consume are _________.
diverse
208
what activity is higher and which is lower in concentrate selectors
amylase
cellulolytic
209
Cold temperature and lactation stress does what to feed intake
increases feed intake
210
pregnancy ( last trimester), heat stress, and increased fat do what to feed intake
decrease intake
211
Feed management factors related to feed intake
Accessibility
Presentation
Frequency
212
"Other" management factors related to feed intake
Social interactions
Hormone implants
Ionophores
213
relative efficiency of fermentation is dependent on what
Diet NDF ( neutral detergent fiber)
214
what toxin does tryptophan turn into
3-methyl indole
215
what toxin does non structural carbohydrates turn into
lactic acid
216
fermentation in the rumen in mostly
Sugars from polysaccharides
217
Which isomer is inhibitory to milk fat synthesis
CLA Isomer ( trans-10, Cis-12-18:2)
218
How much colostrum do dairy calves need within 24 hours of birth
10% of BW
- at least 1/2 within 3 hrs of birth
219
feeding what provides better performance in milk and meat production
TMR (total mixed ration)
- bc of rumen environment consistency
220
When feeding feedlot cattle what % of TMR should be concentrates and fiber
Concentrates : 80-90%
Fiber: 10-20%
221
the two types of bloat
-frothy - microscopic bubbles coalesce in the rumen and for a foam
-free gas
222
which two legumes are prone to cause bloat
Alfalfa and Clovers ( 100% digestible)
-bloat tendency depends on rate of fermentation
223
What is the major cause of lactic acidosis the number one feedlot problem
excessive highly fermentable carbohydrates
224
what is starch fermented by
streptococci and lactobacilli
- produce lactic acid that is normally neutralized by conversion to lactate
225
Effects of rumen osmotic pressure increasing in lactic acidosis
Thick blood
Increased fluidity of ruminal contents
Diarrhea
Dec Urine pH
226
Lesions confined to brain tissue caused by severe thiamin deficiency following ruminal acidosis
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
227
which two animals are prone to copper deficiency
sheep and cattle
228
which animals are prone to hypomagnesemia
cows, ewes, does
229
what are concerns about RFID tags
tend to have a small signal radies, limits their usefulness with larger groups of cattle
230
environmental management factors related to feed intake
stress
handing and care
housing conditions
day length
231
what is the basic routine care for goat/sheep
-deworm
-ectoparasites
-vax CD&T
-shear 2x year
-hoof trim 2x year
232
how soon should you disbud a goat?
4-14 days old
233
describe the routine care for commercial piglets
castration
tail dock
clip needle teeth
234
routine care for pet pigs
-tusk trim/dental
-hoof trim
235
there is a decrease in smaller diaries and decrease in fluid milk intake
a fact you should know
236
where are heifers put once weaned
hutches
237
when should you breed heifers by?
breed 14-15 months bc you want them to calve at 22-24 months old
238
cow-calf production
herd of beef cows --> raising claves until weaning
239
fed-cattle production
grain-fed beef
steers and heifers from cow-calf productions--> slaughter
240
what are the three programs that add value to beef cattle
background
stocker
preconditioning
241
when do you wean beef cattle
6-7 months
242
what is the stocker program for beef cattle
graze on grass for 3-4 months post wean
sold as heavier weight
243
what is the preconditioning program
30-60 days shorter period of time with vet work like deworming/dehorning/vax/castration
244
what is the backgrounder program
90-120 days longer period of time without the vet work
245
where do the most expenses come from in a cow facility
feed
246
what are nursery or feeder pigs
weaned pigs raised until ~40 lbs then sold to finishing
247
what is the difference between the orange and silver tags in cattle?
-orange means vaxed for brucellosis
-silver is ID
248
what is CMT and what is the reason for conducting it?
california mastitis test for subclinical mastitis
249
where do you perform a TB test
-caudal tail fold
-intradermal skin test
-1ml syringe
250
what is the ideal area to administer IM ink?
scapula for meat quality assurance purposes
251
which of the following is the most appropriate feed type for mid-lactating diary cow?
TMR
high energy high grain
252
what is the expected normal ruminal pH of cattle that are on pasture?
6.5-7.0
(for diary it is slightly lower)
253
what is no covered under the humane methods of slaughter act
methods for poultry
254
why test urine in cattle
check ketones for negative energy balance
255
what is the purpose of looking at gut fill from behind
to see the outline of the rumen, checking for bloat
256
BCS for beef vs diary
beef 1-9
diary 1-5
257
what does ping check for
gas fluid interspace
checking for abdominal displacement
258
what is succus
checking for sloshing
259
what is ballot in PA
tactile
checking for layering of the rumen
260
landmarks for outline of the lungs
-11th rib down to point of blow up to the 13th rib
or
-5,7,9,11 rib spaces
261
when doing PA of right side what are you looking at
heart lungs
lymph nodes
ping and succuss
withers test
262
what is withers test checking for
-hardware disease
-to see if there is pain in the reticulum if they don't go down NOT NORMAL
-cranial abdominal pain
-caudal thoracic pain
263
name all lymph nodes in the cow
parotid
submandibular
pre scapular
pre femoral
supramammary
264
what do you check for in neonates PA
cleft palate
suckle reflex
colostrum intake
diarrhea
umbilicus, if infected can cause sepsis so check joints
265
when an animal consumes too much alfalfa what kind of stones form?
calcium stones
266
when an animal consumes too much grain what kind of stones can that form?
survite stones
267
which stones can be dissolved?
calcium
268
what kind of feed does a dry cow get?
dry TMR feed
269
what kind of feed does a lactating cow get?
wet more fermented TMR feed
270
which direction should the head of the cattle be pointed when using a halter for a standing surgery?
toward the site of the incision
271
how do you test for subclinical mastitis?
california mastitis test
272
how does one test for haemonchus contortus (parasite)?
FAMACHA test (not a definite test for the parasite)
273
how much of their body weight should diary calves be feeding on colostrum in the first 24 hours? and how much should they consume in the first 3 hours?
-in the first 3 hours they should be consuming about half their body weight in colostrum
-in the first 24 hours should consume 10% of their BW
274
what is the most important consideration production of a lactating cow?
no residues (charm tests for milk)
275
normal TPR for bovine
100.5-102.5
50-80
12-36
276
how many chamber pseodoruminants have?
three compartments
-first two stomachs resemble rumen and reticulum
-third compartment has glandular has glandular tissue similar to ruminants abomasum
277
what agency takes over at the point of slaughter to ensure integrity of food supply of livestock/
USDA FSIS
278
which ear should official ID's go for livestock?
right ear
279
USDA distributing small RFID tags as an alternative to official metal tags which ear does it go in?
left
280
buckling come in and one has bloody diarrhea and the other has blood in the stool what is something you can give immediately?
antitoxin
281
ruminant production system are ____
diverse
282
cold you eat more
hot you eat less
know that
283
what are some management factors related to feed intake?
feeds
environment
social interactions
hormone implants
ionophores
284
what are good things that can be converted to bad things produced by rumen microbes
-nitrates-->nitrites
-urea-->ammonia
-nonstructural carbs --> lacatic acid
-tryptophan--> 3-methyl indole
285
what do you call proteins that are not extensively degraded in the rumen?
bypass proteins
286
what isomer is inhibitory to milk fat synthesis?
CLA isomer
287
what is the advantage od TMR feeding?
provides better performance in milk and meat production bc rumen environment consistency
288
concentrates make up how much percent of TMR?
80-90%
289
what causes pulmonary edema as a rumen metabolic disorder?
caused by tryptophan due to switching form dry forage to lush green pasture
290
excessively highly fermentable carbs is a major cause of what?
lactic acidosis
#1 feedlot problem
291
What causes Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) or cerebrocortical necrosis (CNN)?
Lesions confined in brain tissue due to vitamin B/thiamin deficiency (important for metabolism of glucose in brain)
** Occurs following ruminal acidosis
292
where is thiamine normally synthesized?
rumen bacteria
293
PEM happens/follows after what condition?
ruminal acidosis
294
What are some reasons for tail docking lambs?
fly strike
cosmetic
295
how long should the tail be when docking?
at least 3 palpable joints
-too short increases risk for rectal prolapse
296
what is the trend of diary operations?
decreases smaller dairys
increased larger dairys
297
what is heterosis?
term for hybrid vigor
298
what is the percentage of feed for each class of cattle?
cow calf 99% forage
dairy calf 75% concentrate 25% forage
beef cow 90% concentrate 10% forage
299
what are some toxic compounds the rumen is able to detoxify
oxalates
cyanide
alkaloids
300
how does digestibility intake change with fat content?
decreases with increased fat content
301
what can cause pulmonary edema?
switching from dry forage to lush green pasture
increases tryptophan which is converted by microbes to 3-methyl indole which has a toxic metabolite
302
what causes ruminal lactic acidosis?
excessive highly digestible carbs
-too many lactic acid producing bacteria and not enough lactic acid using bacteria
303
what are the consequences of ruminal lactic acidosis?
lactic acid spills over to the blood rumen osmotic pressure increases
-thick blood and diarrhea lactic acid metabolized dropping urine pH
304
what is ketosis?
negative energy balance forces body to utilize fat for energy producing ketones in the liver
305
what can be caused by a severe thiamin deficiency?
polioenchephalomalacia or cerebrocortical necrosis
-seen after lactic acidosis bc microbes is off
306
what causes hypocalcemia?
high Ca2+ demand for milk production
alkaline pH decreases PTH activity
-failure to mobilize Ca2+ from bone
