Moore's Ch. 3 - Upper Limb (E2) Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 major segments of the upper limb?
A
1) Shoulder
2) Arm
3) Forearm
4) Hand
2
Q
The shoulder includes the {…}, {…}, and {…} regions of the upper limb and the lateral part (i.e., the greater {…} fossa) of the lateral cervical region.
A
1) Pectoral
2) Scapular
3) Deltoid
4) Supraclavicular
3
Q
The {…} girdle is a bony ring, incomplete posteriorly, formed by the {…} and {…} and completed anteriorly by the {…} of the sternum.
A
1) Pectoral
2) Scapulae
3) Clavicles
4) Manubrium
4
Q
The arm is the {…} segment of the free upper limb (more mobile part of the upper limb independent of the trunk) and the {…} segment of the limb. It extends between and connects the shoulder and the elbow and consists of {…} and {…} regions/surfaces of the arm, centered around the {…}.
A
1) First
2) Longest
3) Anterior
4) Posterior
5) Humerus
5
Q
The forearm is the {…} longest segment of the limb. It extends between and connects the elbow and wrist and includes {…} and {…} regions of the forearm overlaying the {…} and {…}.
A
1) Second
2) Anterior
3) Posterior
4) Radius
5) Ulna
6
Q
The hand is the part of the upper limb {…} to the forearm that is formed around the {…}, {…}, and {…}.
A
1) Distal
2) Carpals
3) Metacarpals
4) Phalanges
7
Q
The hand is composed of the {…}, {…}, {…} of hand, and {…} and is richly supplied with {…} endings for touch, pain, and temperature.
NOTE: Blanks 1-4 are referring to general parts of the hand - NOT BONES!
A
1) Wrist
2) Palm
3) Dorsum
4) Digits
5) Sensory/nerve
8
Q
Both the upper and lower limbs are connected to the {…} skeleton (cranium, vertebral column, and associated thoracic cage) via the bony {…} and {…} girdles, respectively.
A
1) Axial
2) Pectoral
3) Pelvic
9
Q
The {…} girdle consists of the two hip bones connected to the sacrum.
A
Pelvic
10
Q
The {…} girdle consists of the {…} and {…} connected to the {…} of the sternum.
A
1) Pectoral
2) Scapulae
3) Clavicles
4) Manubrium
11
Q
The pectoral girdle and bones of the free part of the upper limb form the {…} appendicular skeleton; the pelvic girdle and bones of the free part of the lower limb form the {…} appendicular skeleton.
A
1) Superior
2) Inferior
12
Q
The superior appendicular skeleton articulates with the axial skeleton only at the {…} (SC) joint, allowing for great {…}.
A
1) Sternoclavicular
2) Mobility
13
Q
The clavicles and scapulae of the pectoral girdle are supported, stabilized, and moved by {…} muscles that attach to the relatively fixed ribs, sternum, and vertebrae of the {…} skeleton.
A
1) Axio-appendicular
2) Axial
14
Q
The {…} (collar bone) connects the upper limb to the {…} (body).
A
1) Clavicle
2) Trunk
15
Q
The {…} of the clavicle has a double curve in a {…} plane. Its medial 2/3 is {…} (shaped) anteriorly, and its {…} end is enlarged and triangular where it articulates with the {…} of the sternum at the {…} (SC) joint.
A
1) Shaft
2) Horizontal
3) Convex
4) Sternal
5) Manubrium
6) Sternoclavicular
16
Q
The lateral 1/3 of the clavicle is flattened and {…} (shaped) anteriorly; this {…} end is flat where it articulates with the {…} of the scapula at the {…} (AC) joint.
A
1) Concave
2) Acromial
3) Acromion
4) Acromioclavicular
17
Q
The clavicle serves as a moveable, crane-like strut that allows the scapula to move on the thoracic wall at the {…} joint, increasing the range of motion of the limb.
A
Scapulothoracic
18
Q
The clavicle forms one of the bony boundaries of the {…} canal (passageway between the neck and arm), affording protection to the important {…} bundle supplying the upper limb.
A
1) Cervico-axillary
2) Neurovascular
19
Q
The clavicle transmits {…} (traumatic impacts) from the upper limb to the {…} skeleton.
A
1) Shocks
2) Axial
20
Q
The {…} surface of the clavicle, lying just deep to the skin and platysma (G., flat plate) muscle in the {…} tissue, is smooth.
A
1) Superior
2) Subcutaneous
21
Q
The {…} surface of the clavicle is rough because strong {…} bind it to the {…} (number) rib near its {…} end and suspend the scapula from its {…} end.
A
1) Inferior
2) Ligaments
3) 1st
4) Sternal
5) Acromial
22
Q
The conoid {…} (i.e., knob-like bony landmark), near the {…} end of the clavicle, gives attachment to the conoid {…}, the medial part of the {…} ligament by which the remainder of the upper limb is passively suspended from the clavicle.
A
1) Tubercle
2) Acromial
3) Ligament
4) Coracoclavicular
23
Q
Also, near the acromial end of the clavicle is the {…} line, to which the {…}{…} attaches; while the conoid ligament is the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament, the trapezoid line is the {…} part.
A
1) Trapezoid
2) Trapezoid
3) Ligament
4) Lateral
24
Q
The {…} groove in the {…} (proximal, medial, or distal?) 1/3 of the shaft of the clavicle is the site of attachment for the {…} muscle.
A
1) Subclavian
2) Medial
3) Subclavius
25
This clavicular structure is a rough, often depressed, oval area that gives attachment to the ligament binding the 1st rib to the clavicle, limiting elevation of the shoulder; it is more medial than the subclavian groove.
What is the impression for the costoclavicular ligament?
26
The {...} (shoulder blade) is a triangular flat bone that lies on the {...} (intermediate direction) aspect of the thorax, overlying ribs {...} through {...}.
1) Scapula
2) Posterolateral
3) 2
4) 7
27
The convex {...} surface of the scapula is unevenly divided by a thick projecting ridge of bone (i.e., the {...}) into a small {...} fossa and a much larger {...} fossa.
1) Posterior
2) Spine
3) Supraspinous
4) Infraspinous
28
The concave {...} surface of most of the scapula forms a large {...} fossa.
1) Costal
2) Subscapular
29
The triangular {...} of the scapula is {...} and translucent, superior and inferior to the spine of the scapula, although its borders are {...}.
1) Body
2) Thin
3) Thicker
30
The spine of the scapula continues laterally as a flat, expanded {...}, which forms the subcutaneous point of the shoulder and articulates with the {...} end of the clavicle.
1) Acromion
2) Acromial
31
The {...} tubercle of the scapular spine is the prominence indicating the {...} (proximal, medial, or distal?) point of attachment of the deltoid.
1) Deltoid
2) Medial
32
The {...} (shoulder) joint on which associated muscles operate is almost directly {...} (superior or inferior?) to the {...} (AC) joint.
1) Glenohumeral
2) Inferior
3) Acromioclavicular
33
Superolaterally, the lateral surface of the scapula has a {...} cavity, which receives and articulates with the {...} of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.
1) Glenoid
2) Head
34
The glenoid cavity is a shallow, concave, oval {...}, directed {...} (intermediate direction) and slightly {...} (direction) on the scapula and is considerably smaller than the ball (i.e., head of the humerus) for which it serves as a {...}.
1) Fossa
2) Anterolaterally
3) Superiorly
4) Socket
35
The {...} process is {...} (superior or inferior?) to the glenoid cavity and projects {...} (intermediate direction).
1) Coracoid
2) Superior
3) Anterolaterally
36
When the scapular body is in the anatomical position, the thin {...} border of the scapula runs parallel to and approximately 5 cm lateral to the {...} processes of the thoracic vertebrae; hence, it is often called the {...} border.
1) Medial
2) Spinous
3) Vertebral
37
From the inferior angle, the {...} border of the scapula runs {...} (intermediate direction) toward the {...} of the axilla (i.e., the cervico-axillary canal); hence, it is often called the {...} border.
1) Lateral
2) Superolaterally
3) Apex
4) Axillary
38
The lateral border terminates in the truncated {...} angle of the scapula, the thickest part of the bone that bears the broadened {...} of the scapula.
1) Lateral
2) Head
39
The shallow constriction between the head and body defines the {...} of the scapula.
Neck
40
The {...} border of the scapula is marked near the junction of its medial {...} (fraction) and lateral {...} (fraction) by the {...} notch, which is located where the superior border joins the {...} of the {...} process.
1) Superior
2) Two-thirds (2/3)
3) Third (1/3)
4) Suprascapular
5) Base
6) Coracoid
41
The scapula is capable of considerable movement on the thoracic wall at the physiological {...} (ST) joint, providing the {...} from which the upper limb operates.
1) Scapulothoracic
2) Base
42
The {...} (arm bone), the largest bone in the upper limb, articulates with the scapula at the {...} (GH) joint, and the radius and ulna at the {...} joint.
1) Humerus
2) Glenohumeral
3) Elbow
43
The proximal end of the humerus has a head and 2 necks. What are these 2 necks? What are the 2 tubercles that reside here?
Necks - surgical & anatomical
Tubercles - lesser & greater
44
This structure of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
What is the head of the humerus?
45
This neck of the humerus is formed by the groove circumscribing the head and separating it from the greater and lesser tubercles.
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
46
The {...} neck of the humerus indicates the line of {...} of the {...} (GH) joint capsule.
1) Anatomical
2) Attachment
3) Glenohumeral
47
This neck of the humerus is a common site of fracture and is the narrow part distal to the head & tubercles.
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
48
The {...} tubercle of the humerus is at the lateral margin of the humerus, whereas the {...} tubercle projects {...} (direction) from the bone.
1) Greater
2) Lesser
3) Anteriorly
49
The {...} sulcus, also called the {...} groove, separates the tubercles and provides protected passage for the slender tendon of the {...} head of the biceps muscle.
1) Intertubercular
2) Bicipital
3) Long
50
The {...} of the humerus has 2 prominent features: the {...} tuberosity, {...} (direction), for attachment of the {...} muscle, and the oblique {...} groove (i.e., the groove for the {...} nerve, or spiral groove) {...} (direction).
1) Shaft
2) Deltoid
3) Laterally
4) Deltoid
5) Radial
6) Radial
7) Posteriorly
51
The inferior end of the humeral shaft widens as the sharp medial and lateral {...} (supracondylar) ridges form and the end distally in the especially prominent {...} epicondyle and the {...} epicondyle, providing for muscle attachment for the anterior and posterior muscles of the forearm.
1) Supra-epicondylar
2) Medial
3) Lateral
52
This part of the distal humerus is comprised of the trochlea and capitulum, as well as the olecranon, coronoid, and radial fossae.
What is the condyle of the humerus?
53
The condyle of the humerus has two articular surfaces: a lateral {...} for articulation with the head of the radius and a medial, spool-shaped, or pulley-like {...} for articulation with the proximal end of the ulna.
1) Capitulum
2) Trochlea
54
This bony landmark is located on the proximal end of the ulna and allows for articulation with the arm's trochlea.
What is the trochlear notch?
55
Anteriorly, the {...} fossa receives the coronoid process of the ulna during full flexion of the elbow.
Coronoid
56
Posteriorly, the {...} fossa accommodates the olecranon of the ulna during full extension of the elbow.
Olecranon
57
Superior to the capitulum anteriorly, a shallower {...} fossa accommodates the edge of the head of the radius when the forearm is fully flexed.
Radial
58
The stabilizing bone of the forearm that is the medial and longer of the two forearm bones.
What is the ulna?
59
What are the 2 prominent projections of the ulna?
1) Olecranon
2) Coronoid process
60
This ulnar projection extends proximally from its posterior aspect, forming the point of the elbow and serving as a short lever for extension of the elbow.
What is the olecranon?
61
This ulnar projection extends/projects anteriorly.
What is the coronoid process?
62
The olecranon and coronoid processes form the walls of the {...} notch, which in profile resembles the jaws of a crescent wrench as it "grips" (articulates with) the trochlea of the humerus.
Trochlear
63
Inferior to the coronoid process, is the {...} (osteologic landmark) of the ulna for attachment of the tendon of the {...} muscle.
1) Tuberosity
2) Brachialis
64
On the lateral side of the coronoid process is a smooth rounded concavity, the {...} notch, which receives broad periphery of the head of the {...} (bone).
1) Radial
2) Radius
65
Inferior to the radial notch on the lateral surface of the ulnar shaft is this prominent ridge.
What is the supinator crest?
66
Between the supinator cavity and the distal part of the coronoid process is where this concavity resides.
What is the supinator fossa?
67
The {...} of the ulna is thick and cylindrical proximally, but it tapers, diminishing the diameter, as it continues distally.
Shaft
68
At the narrow distal end of the ulna is a small but abrupt enlargement, the disc-like {...} of the ulna with a small, conical ulnar {...} process.
1) Head
2) Styloid
69
The lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones.
What is the radius?
70
Proximally, the smooth superior aspect of the discoid {...} of the radius is concave superiorly for articulation with the {...} of the humerus during flexion and extension of the elbow.
1) Head
2) Capitulum
71
The {...} of the radius is the constriction distal to the head of the radius.
Neck
72
The oval radial {...} is distal to the medial part of the neck and demarcates the proximal end (head and neck) of the radius from the shaft.
Tuberosity
73
The {...} of the radius, in contrast to the ulna, gradually enlarges as it passes distally.
Shaft
74
The medial aspect of the distal end of the radius's shaft forms a concavity to accommodate the head of the ulna (i.e., allows for articulation w/ the ulna). What is the name of this concavity?
Ulnar notch
75
The lateral aspect of the distal end of the radius's shaft becomes increasingly ridge-like and terminates at this osteological landmark.
What is the styloid process of the radius?
76
Projecting posteriorly, the dorsal {...} of the radius lies between otherwise shallow grooves for the passage of the tendons of the forearm.
Tubercle
77
Most of the length of the shafts of the radius and ulna is essentially triangular in cross-section, with a rounded, superficially directed base and an acute, deeply directed structure. What is this structure?
The apex (of the forearm)
78
The apex of the forearm is formed by a section of the sharp interosseous {...} of the radius or ulna that connects to the thin, fibrous interosseous {...} of the forearm.
1) Border
2) Membrane
79
Upper limb structure composed of eight carpal bones arranged in proximal and distal rows of four.
What is the carpus?
80
List the 4 proximal carpal bones from lateral to medial (HINT: Suck, Lick, Trib, Piss).
1) Scaphoid
2) Lunate
3) Triquetrum
4) Pisiform
81
This proximal carpal bone is boat-shaped and articulates proximally with the radius. It is the largest bone in the proximal row of carpals.
What is the scaphoid?
82
This proximal carpal bone is a moon-shaped bone between the scaphoid and triquetral bones; it articulates proximally with the radius and is broader anteriorly than posteriorly.
What is the lunate?
83
A prominent osteological landmark found on the scaphoid bone.
What is the scaphoid tubercle?
84
This proximal carpal bone is a pyramidal bone on the medial side of the carpus; it articulates proximally with the articular disc of the distal radio-ulnar joint.
What is the triquetrum?
85
This proximal carpal bone is a small, pea-shaped bone that lies on the palmar surface of the triquetrum.
What is the pisiform?
86
List the 4 distal carpal bones from lateral to medial (HINT: Real Trap, Fake Trap, C, & H).
1) Trapezium
2) Trapezoid
3) Capitate
4) Hamate
87
This distal carpal bone is a four-sided bone on the lateral side of the carpus that articulates with the 1st and 2nd metacarpals, scaphoid, and trapezoid bones.
What is the trapezium?
88
This distal carpal bone is a wedge-shaped bone that resembles the trapezium and articulates with the 2nd metacarpal, capitate, and scaphoid bones.
What is the trapezoid?
89
This distal carpal bone is a head-shaped bone with a rounded extremity and is the largest bone in the carpus; it articulates primarily with the 3rd metacarpal distally and with the trapezoid, scaphoid, lunate, and hamate.
What is the capitate?
90
This distal carpal bone is a wedge-shaped bone on the medial side of the hand; it articulates with the 4th and 5th metacarpal, capitate, and triquetral bones.
What is the hamate?
91
This osteological landmark is the distinctive hooked process of the hamate and extends anteriorly.
What is the hook of the hamate?
92
The proximal surfaces of the distal row of carpals articulate with the {...} row of carpals, and the distal surfaces of the distal row of carpals articulate with the {...}.
1) Proximal
2) Metacarpals
93
The {...} forms the skeleton of the palm of the hand between the carpus and phalanges.
What is the metacarpus?
94
How many metacarpals comprise the metacarpus?
5
95
What three structures does each metacarpal consist of?
Base, shaft, & head
96
The proximal {...} (structure) of the metacarpals articulate with carpals.
Bases
97
The distal {...} (structure) of the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges and form the {…} of the hand.
1) Heads
2) Knuckles
98
The 3rd metacarpal is distinguished by this osteological landmark located on the lateral side of its base.
What is a styloid process?
99
Each digit (finger) has {...} phalanges, except for the 1st (thumb) which only has {...}.
1) Three
2) Two
100
Each phalanx has a {...} proximally, a {...} (body), and a {...} distally.
1) Base
2) Shaft
3) Head
101
Between the elevated sternal ends of the clavicle is this concavity, also referred to as the suprasternal notch.
What is the jugular notch?
102
The acromial end of the clavicle often rises higher than the acromion, forming a palpable elevation at the {...} joint.
Acromioclavicular
103
This scapular structure is easily felt and often visible, especially when the deltoid contracts against resistance.
What is the acromion?
104
The lateral and posterior borders of the acromion meet to form this angle.
What is the acromial angle?
105
What 2 parts form the curve of the shoulder (HINT: 1 bone, 1 muscle)?
1) The humerus in the glenoid cavity
2) Deltoid
106
This scapular structure is subcutaneous throughout and easily palpated.
What is the crest of the scapular spine?
107
When the upper limb is in the anatomical position, the superior angle of the scapula lies at the level of the {...} vertebra, the medial end of the root of the scapular spine is opposite the spinous process of the {...} vertebra, and the inferior angle lies at the level of the {...} vertebra, near the inferior border of the {...} (number) rib and {...} (number) {...} space.
1) T2
2) T3
3) T7
4) 7th
5) 7th
6) Intercostal
108
The {...} border of the scapula is palpable inferior to the root of the spine of the scapula as it crosses the 3rd-7th ribs.
Medial
109
The {...} process of the scapula can be felt by palpating deeply at the {...} (direction) side of the {...} (deltopectoral) triangle.
1) Coracoid
2) Lateral
3) Clavipectoral
110
The {...} of the humerus is surrounded by muscles, except {...} (direction); consequently, it can be palpated only by pushing the fingers well up into the {...}{...} (armpit).
1) Head
2) Laterally
3) Axillary
4) Fossa
111
This tubercle of the humerus may be felt with the person's arm by the side on deep palpation through the deltoid, inferior to the lateral border of the acromion.
What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
112
This tubercle of the humerus may be felt with difficulty by deep palpation through the deltoid on the anterior aspect of the arm, approximately 1 cm lateral and slightly inferior to the tip of the corocoid process.
What is the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
113
This pit between the greater and lesser tubercles is identifiable during flexion and extension of the elbow joint by palpating in an upward direction along the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii.
What is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)?
114
This humeral structure may be felt with varying distinctness through the muscles surrounding it.
What is the shaft of the humerus?
115
The medial and lateral {...} of the humerus are subcutaneous and easily palpated on the medial and lateral aspects of the elbow region.
Epicondyles
116
This knob-like structure of the distal humerus projects posteromedially and is more prominent than its lateral counterpart.
What is the medial epicondyle?
117
When the elbow joint is partially flexed, this knob-like structure of the distal humerus is visible.
What is the lateral epicondyle?
118
When the elbow is fully extended, this knob-like structure of the distal humerus can be palpated but not seen deep to a depression on the posterolateral aspect of the elbow.
What is the lateral epicondyle?
119
When the elbow joint is extended, observe that the tip of the {...} and humeral {...} lie in a straight line.
1) Olecranon
2) Epicondyles
120
When the elbow is flexed, the {...} descends until its tip forms the {...} of an approximately equilateral triangle, of which the {...} form the angles at its base.
1) Olecranon
2) Apex
3) Epicondyles
121
This ulnar border is palpable throughout the length of the forearm, demarcating the posteromedial boundary between the flexor-pronator and extensor-supinator compartments of the forearm.
What is the posterior border of the ulna?
122
This ulna structure forms a large, rounded subcutaneous prominence that can be easily seen and palpated on the medial side of the dorsal aspect of the wrist, especially when the hand is pronated.
What is the head of the ulna?
123
This pointed subcutaneous ulna structure may be felt slightly distal to the rounded ulnar head when the hand is supinated.
What is the styloid process of the ulna?
124
This radial structure can be palpated and felt to state in the depression on the posterolateral aspect of the extended elbow joint, just distal to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, during pronation and supination of the forearm.
What is the head of the radius?
125
The radial {...} process can be easily palpated in the anatomical {...}{...} on the lateral side of the wrist.
1) Styloid
2) Snuff
3) Box
126
This radial structure is easily felt around the middle of the dorsal aspect of the distal aspect of the distal end of the radius.
What is the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
127
This proximal carpal can be felt on the anterior aspect of the medial border of the wrist and can be moved from side to side when the hand is relaxed.
What is the pisiform?
128
This projection on one of the distal carpals can be palpated on deep pressure over the medial side of the palm, approximately 2 cm distal and lateral to the pisiform.
What is the hook of the hamate?
129
This metacarpal projection can be palpated approximately 3.5 cm from the dorsal tubercle of the radius.
What is the styloid process of the 3rd metacarpal?
130
What are the 4 most commonly used measuring points for measuring the upper limb?
1) Acromial angle
2) Lateral epicondyle of humerus
3) Styloid process of radius
4) Tip of 3rd digit
131
Deep to the skin is {...} tissue (superficial fascia) containing fat and {...} fascia {...} and investing the muscles.
1) Subcutaneous
2) Deep
3) Compartmentalizing
132
This type of fascia invests the pectoralis major and is continuous inferiorly with the fascia of the anterior abdominal wall.
What is pectoral fascia?
133
The pectoral fascia leaves the lateral border of the pectoralis major and becomes this type of fascia, which forms the floor of the axilla.
What is axillary fascia?
134
Deep to the pectoral fascia and pectoralis major, another fascial layer descends from the clavicle, enclosing the subclavius and then pectoralis minor, becoming continuous inferiorly with the axillary fascia.
What is clavipectoral fascia?
135
The part of the clavipectoral fascia between the pectoralis minor and subclavius that is pierced by the lateral pectoral nerve, which primarily supply the pectoralis major.
What is the costocoracoid membrane?
136
The part of the clavipectoral fascia inferior to the pectoralis minor that supports the axillary fascia and pulls it and the overlying skin upward during abduction of the arm.
What is the suspensory ligament of the axilla?
137
The action of the axilla's suspensory ligament pulls the skin upward during abduction. This movement forms the...
Axillary fossa
138
This fascia descends over the superficial surface of the deltoid from the clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine.
What is the deltoid fascia?
139
Dense fascia so opaque that it must be removed during dissection to view the muscles. This fascia overlays the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, respectively.
What is the supraspinous and infraspinous fascia?
140
The {...} fascia is attached inferiorly to the epicondyles of the humerus and the olecranon of the ulna and is continuous with the {...} fascia of the forearm.
1) Brachial
2) Antebrachial
141
These 2 intermuscular septa extend from the deep surface of the brachial fascia to the central shaft and medial and lateral supra-epicondylar ridges of the humerus.
What are the medial and lateral intermuscular septa?
142
The intermuscular septa divide the arm into two different fascial compartments, each of which contains muscles serving similar functions and sharing common innervation. What are the names of these compartments?
Anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) fascial compartments
143
Why are the fascial compartments of the upper limb clinically important?
They contain and direct the spread of infection or hemorrhage in the limb
144
In the forearm, similar fascial compartments are surrounded by the {...} fascia and are separated by the {...} membrane connecting the radius and ulna.
1) Antebrachial
2) Interosseous
145
The antebrachial fascia thickens posteriorly over the distal ends of the radius and ulna to form this transverse band to retain extensor tendons in position.
What is the extensor retinaculum?
146
This is an officially unnamed anterior ligament that is continuous with the extensor retinaculum.
What is the palmar carpal ligament?
147
Immediately distal and at a deeper level to the palmar carpal ligament, the antebrachial fascia is also continued as this anterior fascial structure?
What is the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)?
148
The {...} retinaculum extends between the anterior prominences of the outer carpal bones and converts the anterior concavity of the carpus into a carpal {...}, through which the flexor {...} and {...} nerve pass.
1) Flexor
2) Tunnel
3) Tendons
4) Median
149
The palmar aspect of the deep fascia of the upper limb continues beyond the extensor and flexor retinacula as the {...} fascia.
Palmar
150
This thick, tendinous, triangular structure is the central part of the palmar fascia and overlies the central compartment of the palm.
What is the palmar aponeurosis?
151
The {...} of the palmar aponeurosis, located proximally, is continuous with the tendon of the {...}{...}.
1) Apex
2) Palmaris
3) Longus
152
The bands of the palmar aponeurosis are traversed distally by this ligament, which forms the base of the palmar aponeurosis.
What is the superficial transverse metacarpal ligament?
153
The arterial supply of the upper limb begins with the {...} artery, the second part of a single continuous artery changing its name 3 times.
Axillary
154
The first part of the upper limb's arterial supply that contributes to the supply of the scapular region but is considered an artery of the neck.
What is the subclavian artery?
155
The subclavian artery becomes the {...} artery upon crossing the {...} border of the {...} (number) rib.
1) Axillary
2) Lateral
3) 1st
156
The axillary artery supplies the shoulder and pectoral regions and in turn becomes the {...} artery (artery of the arm) as it crosses the {...} (direction) border of the {...} major.
1) Brachial
2) Inferior
3) Teres
157
The brachial artery forks off into these 2 arteries.
What are the radial and ulnar arteries?
158
The ulnar and radial arteries typically terminate by communicating (anastomosing) within the palm of the hand as these structures.
What are superficial and deep palmar arches?
159
These veins form communications between the superficial and deep veins.
What are perforating veins?
160
