Morals & Ethics Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What are 3 positives of autonomous systems?
A
- Systems can run 24/7 without any intervention.
- Costs a lot less as there is less people to pay (but harms job market).
- Increased precision and accuracy (mainly in repetitive tasks).
3
Q
What are 3 negatives of autonomous systems?
A
- Large job displacement.
- Safety concerns (Malfunctions etc.).
- Ethical dilemmas (Trolley problem).
4
Q
What are the 5 main moral ideologies?
A
- Utilitarian.
- Value of life.
- Deontological.
- Action vs Inaction.
- Moral responsibility & blame.
5
Q
What is utilitarianism?
A
Focusing on the outcomes and the best possible outcome.
6
Q
What is value of life?
A
Is one life better than another, if so how?
7
Q
What is the deontological ideology?
A
Following the moral rules of not harming another person regardless of greater good.
8
Q
What is action vs inaction?
A
Is there a moral difference between doing something and not doing anything?
9
Q
What is moral responsibility & blame?
A
Who holds responsibility? The lever puller or who led to this problem happening.
10
Q
What are the 6 levels of self driving car technologies?
A
- No automation.
- Driver assistance.
- Partial automation.
- Conditional automation.
- High automation.
- Full automation (Theoretical).
11
Q
What are the concerns over drone technology in warfare?
A
- Controversial use in targeted killings.
- Concerns over civilian casualties.
- Many debates over autonomous weapons systems.
- Questions over international law.
12
Q
What are the advantages of robot automated food making?
A
- Consistent quality.
- No labour costs.
- 24/7 Operating capability.
- Fast service during peak hours.
13
Q
What are the disadvantages of robot automated food making?
A
- High initial investment.
- Limited menu flexibility.
- Job displacement in food service.
- Customer acceptance of robot made food.
14
Q
What are the 9 types of unconscious bias?
A
- Affinity bias.
- Age bias.
- Conformation bias.
- Name bias.
- Halo & horns effect.
- Beauty bias.
- Availability bias.
- Anchoring bias.
- Gender bias.
15
Q
What is the main impact of bias?
A
Can influence decision making, lead to unfair treatment etc.
16
Q
What are 4 types of bias (not unconscious)?
A
- Dunning-Kruger effect.
- Bandwagon effect.
- Sunk cost fallacy.
- Negativity bias.
17
Q
What is Affinity bias?
A
Preferring people who are similar to yourself, leading to a lack of diversity.
18
Q
What is Conformation bias?
A
Seeking information that confirms what you currently believe, and ignoring/downplaying anything contradictory information.
19
Q
What is the Halo & horns effect?
A
Letting one positive or negative trait influence overall opinion.
20
Q
What is Gender bias?
A
Preferring a gender over another (M, F, NB) e.g. assuming a nurse is female.
21
Q
What is Age bias?
A
Discrimination against either younger or older age people. For example, assuming older people won’t adapt to new technologies.
22
Q
What is Name bias?
A
Judging individuals by their name, usually linked to racial, ethnic or cultural biases.
23
Q
What is Beauty Bias?
A
Favoring attractive individuals over others.
24
Q
What is Availability bias?
A
Being influenced by recent events.
25
What is Anchoring bias?
Relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered.
26
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
Overestimating someone's knowledge or bias in a field.
27
What is the Bandwagon effect?
Adopting behaviors/beliefs because many others have done.
28
What is the Sunk cost fallacy?
Continuing doing something because you’ve invested in some way.
29
What is Negativity bias?
Giving more weight to negative news and events as opposed to positive ones.
30
What are some positive social impacts of technology on society?
1. Communication - VoIP changed how easy it is to communicate over long distances.
2. Cultures - Global interactions, allowing people to learn about various cultures.
3. Learning - Online language learning.
4. Contacts - Maintaining contact with family & friends.
31
What are some negative social impacts of technology on society?
1. Communication - Spend more time communicating remotely.
2. Contacts - Physically people may be together but vastly detached due to technology.
3. Social media - FOMO from constant social media exposure.
4. Bullying - Cyber bullying is a huge problem.
32
What's the digital divide?
The divide based on various factors between those who do have access to technology and those who do not.
33
What is globalisation?
The process of interaction & integration among people, companies and governments worldwide.
34
What are the main impacts of globalisation?
1. World markets - Products from all over the world being sold everywhere.
2. Shared ideas - Different cultures learning from each other.
3. Global teamwork - Countries working together on big issues.
4. Tech for all - New inventions all over the globe.
35
What are some economic factors that have been caused by globalisation?
1. Trade deals - Making trade easier.
2. Large Corporations operate in many countries.
3. Products made using parts from all over the world.
4. Money and jobs move between countries often.
36
What are some technological benefits created by globalisation?
1. Global internet - The internet connects everyone everywhere.
2. Tech standards - Technologies are becoming the same or similar in a lot of areas.
3. Worldwide tech companies - Big tech companies operate in a lot of companies.
4. Shared knowledge - Inventors & scientists share their discoveries globally.
37
What are the impacts of globalisation on technology?
1. Faster communication.
2. Industry changes - Businesses in areas like manufacturing and services are evolving.
3. Global digital platforms - Online shopping, social media etc are used everywhere.
4. Global standards.
38
What are some examples of cultural globalisation?
1. Global spread of TV shows, movies, music etc.
2. International news networks.
3. Social media connecting cultures.
4. Global brands.
39
What are two main health issues around high use of technology, and more specifically screens?
1. Eyestrain.
2. Sleep issues.
40
List 3 factors showing the digital divide.
1. 5.9 Million adults in the UK have never used the internet.
2. 4.1 Million adults living in social housing that are offline.
3. 16-24 have biggest internet use.
41
What are 3 positive impacts of technology for the environment?
1. Renewable energy technology.
2. Environmental monitoring/data collection.
3. Waste management & recycling.
42
What are 3 negative impacts of technology for the environment?
1. Increased power consumption.
2. Resources used.
3. E-Waste.
43
What are the impacts of E-Waste on the environment?
Can release harmful substances into the environment.
44
What is planned obsolescence?
A strategy where there is a planned limited lifespan of a product.
45
What is technological obsolescence?
Where a company makes a new model with improved features.
46
What is programmed obsolescence?
Where products are designed to stop working after a certain time.
47
What is perceived obsolescence?
Marketing to create a want for new models of a product.
48
What is systemic obsolescence?
Updates to software or systems, making older hardware incompatible.
49
What are the main things that smart cities have?
1. Internet of things devices.
2. Big data analysis.
3. Artificial Intelligence.
4. Citizen engagement platforms.
50
What are the environmental benefits of smart cities?
1. Smart grids with optimised energy distribution.
2. Intelligent street lighting.
3. IoT waste bins for optimised collection routes.
4. Automated recycling systems.
51
What are the challenges of smart cities?
1. Data centres and network requirements.
2. Manufacturing & disposal of IoT devices.
3. Balancing data collection with individuals privacy.
4. Providing equal access to a smart city's benefits.
52
What country recognised gaming disorder as a serious concern?
South Korea.
53
What are the symptoms of gaming disorder?
1. Constantly thinking about gaming.
2. Irritable and restless when not playing.
3. Tiredness, headaches and in extreme cases migraines.
54
What are loot boxes?
Virtual items that players pay for or earn.
55
What are dark patterns in video games?
1. Guilt tripping.
2. Loss aversion.
3. FOMO.
4. Pay to win.
56
What are the concerns around possible violence in video games?
Many games have been criticized for being violent.
57
What is an example of poor gender representation in videogames?
Tomb Raider originally had exaggerated proportions for the main character.
58
What are some games with good LGBTQ+ representation?
1. The Last of Us (I/II).
2. Dragon Age: Inquisition.
3. Life is Strange (series).
59
What is morality in games?
When games have a strong moral aspect.
60
What is trolling in games?
Intentionally disruptive or inflammatory behaviour in online gaming communities.
61
What are the main concerns over child gaming?
1. Exposure to mature content.
2. Too much screen time.
62
What is company culture?
Shared values and beliefs and practices giving an organisation character.
63
What are professional ethics?
A set of moral principles and standards that guide behaviour in a professional context.
64
What is the main role of professional ethics?
It ensures that people act responsibly and ethically within their role.
65
What's the difference between company culture and professional ethics?
Company culture is broader & encompasses the overall environment.
66
What are the principles of professional ethics?
1. Integrity.
2. Accountability.
3. Fairness.
4. Transparency.
67
Why are business ethics important?
1. Building trust.
2. Reputation.
3. Legal compliance.
4. Employee morale.
68
Where is company culture used in technology?
1. Data privacy and security.
2. AI.
3. Employee monitoring.
69
What ways is company culture used in leadership?
Leading by example.
70
What is long term success in business?
Legal compliance and ethical behaviour ensure businesses adhere to laws and regulations, reducing the risk of legal issues.
71
How does ethical behaviour affect employee morale?
A positive ethical company culture increases job satisfaction and productivity.
72
Where is company culture used in technology?
Data privacy and security, AI ethics, and employee monitoring.
73
What are ethical dilemmas in employee monitoring?
Monitoring without transparency can violate privacy rights.
74
What are ways company culture is used in leadership?
Leading by example, creating an ethical culture, and empowering employees.
75
What are common ethical challenges in business?
Conflicts of interest, misuse of company resources, data privacy issues, and discrimination & harassment.
76
What is whistleblowing?
The act of exposing unethical or illegal behaviour in an organisation often at personal risk.
77
What does whistleblowing cover?
Criminal offences, dangers to health & safety, risks to the environment, legal violations, covering up wrongdoing, and miscarriages of justice.
78
What does whistleblowing NOT cover?
Personal grievances, policy disagreements, minor violations, employee misconduct, private sector issues, and legal activities.
79
How can businesses support whistleblowing?
Establish clear policies, provide safe reporting channels, ensure confidentiality, demonstrate commitment to addressing issues, and foster trust.
80
Who was Edward Snowden?
A former CIA employee and NSA contractor who leaked classified information in 2013.
81
What did Edward Snowden reveal?
Mass surveillance programs, bulk collection of phone records, and international intelligence partnerships.
82
What was Edward Snowden's personal conflict?
Duty to employer vs. moral obligation to public and national security vs. right to privacy.
83
What was the immediate aftermath of Snowden's actions?
He fled to Hong Kong, then Russia, and was charged under the Espionage Act in the U.S.
84
What was the long-term impact of Snowden's revelations?
Global debate on privacy vs. security, reforms in surveillance laws, and increased public awareness of digital privacy.
85
Who is known for predicting the internet?
Marshall McLuhan.
86
What was Marshall McLuhan's theory?
His Global Village concept envisioned a world interconnected by electronic media.
87
What did Marshall McLuhan believe about the future?
People would communicate instantly across the globe, experiencing events in a simultaneous global experience.
88
What did Marshall McLuhan predict?
Global communication networks, visual communication, portable connectivity devices, and global access to learning resources.
89
What is globalisation?
The process by which businesses, cultures, and economies become interconnected through international trade, communication, and technology.
90
What are key factors causing globalisation?
Technological advancements, trade liberalisation, and the rise of global supply chains.
91
What are the implications of globalisation?
Increasing economic interdependence and rapid transmission of economic shocks globally.
92
How has technology driven globalisation?
Faster communication, e-commerce, and the global workforce.
93
What are two main things globalisation has caused?
Skills gap and remote work.
94
What impact did COVID-19 have on global connections?
Digital transformations, e-commerce boom, scientific collaboration, and remote education.
95
What is intellectual property?
Creations of the mind, such as inventions, software, and literary works, protected by IP law.
96
What is piracy?
The illegal copying, distribution, or use of copyrighted materials.
97
What are the main concerns with piracy?
Undermining creators' profits, economic impact, and legal repercussions.
98
What is The Pirate Bay?
One of the largest torrenting sites, allowing free access to download copyrighted content.
99
What are patents?
Documentation of a product or idea that gives exclusive rights to the patent owner.
100
What is the difference between proprietary and open source software?
Open source encourages collaboration, while proprietary keeps it sealed.
101
What are the different types of creative commons?
Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives, and Share alike.
102
How does piracy happen in 3D printing?
Copyrighted designs are often pirated and shared without licenses.
103
What is parody law?
The use of copyrighted material to create humorous or satirical versions.
104
How is fan art viewed through copyright?
When sold, it can violate copyright laws, though companies often tolerate it non-commercially.
105
What is necromarketing?
The use of deceased individuals in current content.
106
What is the public domain?
Creative works not protected by intellectual property laws.
107
What are influences of science fiction on technology?
Films like 2001: A Space Odyssey and Star Trek inspired real-world technologies.
108
What are examples of emerging tech?
3D Printing, AI, DNA storage on crystals, synthetic biology, and AR glasses.
109
What are real world applications of AR?
Healthcare, navigation, gaming, and enterprise use.
110
What is quantum computing?
A computing method using quantum mechanics to process information.
111
What is cloud computing?
Centralised computing resources on servers, providing scalable power on demand.
112
What is edge computing?
Bringing computation closer to the data source to reduce latency.
113
What are applications of cloud & edge computing?
Used in autonomous vehicles, healthcare, retail, and commercial space travel.
114
What are benefits of cloud and edge computing?
Climate monitoring and global communication.
115
What is a BCI?
Brain-computer interface.
116
What do BCIs allow for?
Direct communication between the brain and an external device.
117
What are the 6 V's of data?
Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity, Value, and Variability.
118
What is big data used for?
Decision making, personalisation, and innovation.
119
What are privacy concerns over big data?
Data collection, surveillance, and lack of control.
120
What was the Cambridge Analytica scandal?
Improperly harvesting data from 87 million Facebook users without consent.
121
How does data bias show ethics?
Big data reflects societal biases and can lead to discrimination.
122
What are ethical guidelines for big data use?
Transparency, accountability, and consent.
123
What's the predicted future of big data ethics?
Stronger regulation, consumer rights, and balancing innovation and ethics.
124
What is IoT?
A network of physical objects that connects to a network.
125
What is an IoT device?
A device that isn’t typically connected to the internet but can be.
126
What does IoT do?
Connects everyday devices to the internet for smarter systems.
127
What is the rough evolution of IoT?
From the first IoT device in 1989 to 10 billion active devices in 2021.
128
How does IoT work?
Through sensors, connectivity, cloud processing, and user interfaces.
129
What is the global IoT market worth in 2024?
Approximately $1 billion USD.
130
What are key applications of IoT?
Smart homes, healthcare, industrial IoT, and smart cities.
131
What are the main benefits of IoT?
Reduced costs, improved safety, reduced human error, and data collection.
132
What are the main negatives of IoT?
Security vulnerabilities, data privacy concerns, and compatibility issues.
133
What is a benefit of monitoring in the workplace?
Monitoring cuts down on labour and therefore employee count.
134
How does monitoring improve safety?
It identifies hazards before accidents happen.
135
What is a benefit of reducing human error in tasks?
Tasks that needed manual input are automated, leaving little to no chance for human error.
136
What role does data collection play in IoT?
It collects and shares data through embedded sensors, providing organisations vast amounts of information for analysis.
137
What are the main negatives of IoT?
Security vulnerabilities, data privacy concerns, compatibility issues, and reliability problems.
138
What is a security vulnerability in IoT?
IoT often has weak security protocols, making them susceptible to cyber hacks.
139
What is a concern regarding data privacy in IoT?
Masses of personal data are collected, causing concern over how organisations use it.
140
What are compatibility issues in IoT?
Many devices and platforms cause issues working together.
141
What is a reliability issue with IoT devices?
IoT devices require constant internet connection and power supply to function.
