More Big Resp/Cardio diseases Flashcards

Question

What are the symptoms of stroke?

Answer 1

``` Loss of feeling Clumsy/weak limbs Loss of vision Dysarthia - motorspeech disorder Dysphasia - language disorder Involuntary eye movement Headache Vomiting ```

Answer 2

Tachycardia Irregular heart rhythm Murmur/galloping heart Carotid bruit if carotid disease is cause.

Answer 3

``` Full blood count Lipid profile Carotid doppler ultrasound ECG ECHO CT/MRI ```

Answer 4

Thrombolysis - alteplase Thrombolectomy - IV retrieval Secondary prevention - Aspirin/Clopidogrel Statins Antihypersensitives Diabetic control Carotid endarterectomy - removes plaque build up in carotid.

Answer 5

TACs (Total Anterior Circulation) - usually due to occlusion of proximal middle cerebral artery. Only 1 symptom of loss of function. PACs (Partial Anterior Circulation) - 2/3 symptoms of loss of function. Occlusion of branches of middle cerebral artery. Lacunar - weakness of 1 side involving 2/3 body areas. Often silent. POCs (Posterior Circulation) - affects brainstem, cerebellar or occipital lobes.

Answer 6

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Group of lung conditions that contribute to the narrowing of airway, making it difficult to empty air out of lungs. Chronic bronchitis + Emphysema

Answer 7

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi that causes a build up of sputum. There is less pull on airways so elastic lining flops and becomes inflamed.

Answer 8

Dilation of alveoli, breakdown of walls causing a decrease in surface area and making them baggy.

Answer 9

``` Smoking Occupation Increasing age Family history Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency ```

Answer 10

``` Progressive dyspnoea - starts on exertion but then becomes more severe. Chest pain Fatigue Cough Sputum - green Ankle oedema Weight loss Loss of appetite Wheeze Fever ```

Answer 11

Progressive Irreversible Non variable Permanent

Answer 12

``` Spirometry Peak Flow Full blood tests Chest x-ray Sputum culture ```

Answer 13

1- SABA - salbutamol 2- LAMA or LABA - salmeterol/ tioptropium 3- LAMA and LABA 4- ICS + LAMA + LABA - fostair/flutiform/symbicort If symptoms exacerbate - hospitalisation. Nebulisers if can't use inhalers Prednisolone steroid 5-7days Oxygen Lung reduction surgery for severe emphysema. Stop smoking/ change lifestyle Lung transplant - last resort!

Answer 14

Accumulation of fat/scar tissue on the endothelial walls of arteries forming atheromas.

Answer 15

Central lipid core with fibrous tissue cap, filled with inflammatory cells.

Answer 16

Hypercholesterolaemia Endothelial injury Haemodynamic disturbance

Answer 17

``` Hypercholesterolaemia Smoking Hypertension Male Age Sedentary lifestyle Low birth weight ```

Answer 18

``` Angina Claudication Tissue atrophy MI Stroke Lower limb gangrene ```

Answer 19

``` Angioplasty - stenting Bypass grafting Thrombolysis Thrombolectomy Endarectomy Control of BP Statins ```

Answer 20

Rupture Embolism Stenosis

Answer 21

1- fatty streak 2- early atheromatous plaque 3- fully developed atheromatous plaque

Answer 22

A tear in the inner wall of the aorta caused by blood forcing the wall apart.

Answer 23

``` Trauma Cardiac surgery Marfan's Bicuspid AV Atherosclerosis Hypertension ```

Answer 24

``` Trauma Smoking Cocaine Pregnancy Arteritis Hypertension Hypercholesterolaemia ```

Answer 25

``` Severe tearing chest pain Radiation to back Syncope Atrial fibrillation Externa rupture Pericardial tamponade Pleuritic chest pain ```

Answer 26

``` Reduced peripheral pulses BP mismatch in upper limbs Murmur of aortic regurgitation hypo/hypertension Pulmonary oedema Inferior ST elevation ```

Answer 27

CXR- mediastinal widening, loss of aortic knob, tracheal deviation, pleural effusion CT/MRI Transoesophageal ECHO

Answer 28

Genetic condition (autosomal recessive) that affects the body's ability to control the movement of salt and water between cells. This causes sticky mucus to build up in the lung sand digestive system.

Answer 29

A mutation in the CFTR gene so that it no longer codes for the protein channel that aids the movement of water and salt between cells.

Answer 30

``` Lungs: Recurring chest infections Cough Wheeze Dyspnoea Purulent sputum ``` ``` Digestive system: Pale, greasy poo Difficulty putting weight and growing Constipation Physical weakness Hunger and thirst Severe constipation in first few days of life. ```

Answer 31

PKU heel prick test at 5 days old. Sweat test - sample is taken to see how much salt is in it. Genetic test - to look for abnormalities Family testing - any brothers/sisters tested for carrier gene. Can be salvia or blood.

Answer 32

No cure for CF so treatment is to relieve symptoms. Multidisciplinary team required. Antibiotics to treat chest infections Hypertonic saline to thin mucus Ivacaftor - new drug that reduces mucus levels. Bronchodilators and Steroids - to help with narrowed airways. ``` Routine vaccinations Enzyme supplements Exercise Airway clearance techniques Dietary advice Lung transplant - last resort! ```

Answer 33

Inflammation lung tissue caused by a bacterial infection.

Answer 34

``` Streptococcus pneumoniae Staph. aureus Mycoplasma pneumonia Chlamydia psittaci Haemophilus influenza ```

Answer 35

``` Community acquired Hospital acquired Aspiration Recurrent Broncho Lobar Atypical ```

Answer 36

``` Cough Sputum - thick green/yellow /brown Possible haemoptysis Dyspnoea Tachycardia Fever Malaise Sweating/chills Loss of appetite Chest pain - pleuritic ```

Answer 37

``` CXR Sputum culture Full Blood count Mycoplasma IgM Atypical serology Pneumococcal urinary antigen. ```

Answer 38

Antibiotics - beta-lactams and macrolides Fluids Analgesia Supplemental oxygen

Answer 39

``` Pleurisy Pleural effusion Empyema Organisation to form mass lesion Lung Abscess Bronchiectasis Recurrent pneumonia ```

Answer 40

Pathological dilation of the bronchi due to severe infection, recurrent infections, proximal bronchial obstruction or lung parenchymal destruction. Chronic condition that causes a build up of mucus and makes individual more prone to infection.

Answer 41

Persistant cough Dyspnoea Gets worse if develop aa lung infection.

Answer 42

Antibiotics to treat infections. Airway exercises to aid clearance of mucus. Nebulisers or bronchodilators to aid breathing Hypertonic saline to thin mucus.

Answer 43

An abnormal heart rhythm.

Answer 44

``` Asymptomatic Palpitations Dyspnoea Chest pain Fatigue Embolism ```

Answer 45

ECG- 12 lead 24hr recording Blood tests - especially thyroid function ECHO - to look for cause.

Answer 46

AV nodal re-enterant tachycardia. | Episodes of abnormally high heart rate at rest.

Answer 47

Heart beats irregularly and faster than normal.

Answer 48

Abnormally rapid but regular contraction of the atria.

Answer 49

Heart quivers instead of pumping due to disorganisation in ventricles. Basically cardiac arrest.

Answer 50

Regular fast heart rate from improper electrical activity in the heart.

Answer 51

PR interval is >0.2secs.

Answer 52

``` Increased vagal tone Electrolyte disturbance Myocarditis Mitral valve surgery Inferior MI AV node blocking drugs ```

Answer 53

Mobitz type 1 - progressive prolongation of PR interval, culminating in a non-conducted p wave. Mobitz type 2- intermittent non conducted p waves without PR interval prolongation.

Answer 54

No correlation between P wave and QRS complex. Complete AV block

Answer 55

Atropine Temporary pacemaker Permanent pacemaker

Answer 56

Infection of the endocardium, valves, septa, chordae tendinae or intra-cardiac devices.

Answer 57

``` Bacterial or fungal infection Rheumatic fever Valvular disease Invasive surgery Congenital heart disease Gingivitis ```

Answer 58

``` Age Male Invasive procedures Prosthetic valves IV drug abuse Immunocompromised Diabetes AIDs Burns ```

Answer 59

``` Fever Malaise Fatigue Chills Arthralgia Weight loss Headache ```

Answer 60

``` Fever Roth spots Osler's nodes Malaise Janeway lesions Anaemia Nepthritis Emboli ```

Answer 61

``` Full Blood count C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation Urea and electrolytes Blood culture - 3 sets from different sites 6hrs in-between. Urinalysis ECG - wide QRS complex CXR Transthoracic ECHO ```

Answer 62

IV antibiotics or 2 oral at once.

More Big Resp/Cardio diseases Flashcards

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