more chapter 18 Flashcards
(43 cards)
anxiety
an emotional response to anticipation of danger, the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized.
a necessary force for survival. It is not the same as stress
subjective emotional response to that stressor
may be distinguished from fear in that anxiety is an emotional process, whereas fear is a cognitive one
Stressor
an external pressure that is brought to bear on the individual
Historical Aspects of Anxiety
Anxiety was once identified by its physiological symptoms, focusing largely on the cardiovascular system.
Freud was the first to associate anxiety with neurotic behaviors.
For many years, anxiety disorders were viewed as purely psychological or purely biological in nature
Cognitive theory of Panic and GAD
Faulty, distorted, or counterproductive thinking patterns result in anxiety that is maintained by mistaken or dysfunctional appraisal of a situation
Psychotropic medications
A psychoactive drug that changes brain function and alters perception, mood, consciousness or behavior. Antianxiety medications AKA- Anxiolytics
Reuptake
the process by which the presynaptic terminal of a neuron reabsorbs the neurotransmitter it has previously secreted in conveying an impulse to another neuron.
Other neurotransmitters are:
acetylcholine
dopamine
glutamate
histamine
Anti- depressants, antipsychotics and antihistamine that can produce anticholinergic effects
confusion blurred vision Constipation dry mouth dizziness difficulty urination
SNRI Neurotransmitter effect
inhibit reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and mild dopamine
panic disorder
Characterized by recurrent panic attacks, the onset of which are unpredictable and manifested by intense apprehension, fear, or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom and accompanied by intense physical discomfort
May or may not be accompanied by agoraphobia
symptoms of panic attack
Sweating, trembling, shaking
Shortness of breath, chest pain or discomfort
Nausea or abdominal distress
Dizziness, chills, or hot flashes
Numbness or tingling sensations
Derealization or depersonalization
Fear of losing control or “going crazy”
Fear of dying
Symptoms of GAD
Characterized by chronic, unrealistic, and excessive anxiety and worry
Psychodynamic theory of Panic and GAD
Ego unable to intervene between id and superego Overuse or ineffective use of ego defense mechanisms results in maladaptive responses S. Freud to anxiety
Biological aspects of Panic and GADs
Genetics
Neuroanatomical
Biochemical
Neurochemical
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available in the event of panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating symptoms.
Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)
Excessive fear of situations in which the affected person might do something embarrassing or be evaluated negatively by others.
Specific phobia
Fear of specific objects or situations that could conceivably cause harm, but the person’s reaction to them is excessive, unreasonable, and inappropriate.
Exposure to the phobic object produces overwhelming symptoms of panic, including palpitations, sweating, dizziness, and difficulty breathing.
Norepinephrine
fight or flight, causes arousal and anxiety
Serotonin
regulates sleep, arousal, mood, coordination and judgment. Decreased levels causes depression. Increase levels causes anxiety states
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid, inhibits neurotransmitters action in the brain
Neurotransmitters that affect anxiety disorders:
Serotonin, GABA, Noepinephrine
**Note: Serotonin and GABA decreases and Norepinephrine increases in Anxiety Disorders
Anticholinergic effect
An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system
Anticholinergics inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by selectively blocking the binding of the Neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells
Agonist-drugs
increase neurotransmitter activity by direct stimulation of the specific receptor
Antagonist-drugs
cause receptor blockade resulting in a reduction of the transmission and decreased neurotransmitter activity
