More for Exam 1

Question 1

What is static brain imaging?

Answer 1

create a static image of the brain, which is an anatomical image and not an image of brain activity (MRI, CT, DTI)

Question 2

What is dynamic brain imaging?

Answer 2

dynamic functional connectivity has shown that brain networks fluctuate on the scale of seconds to minutes (fMRI, PET, EEG)

Question 3

What occurs when there is a positive current?

Answer 3

makes Vm more negative; hyperpolarization; DF = positive, positive ions flow out of cell

Question 4

What occurs when there is a negative current?

Answer 4

makes Vm more positive; depolarization; positive ions flow into the cell, DF = negative

Question 5

What are asymmetric synapses?

Answer 5

usually excitatory (glutamatergic) and where postsynaptic density (PSD) that is thicker than the presynaptic fraction

Question 6

What are symmetric synapses?

Answer 6

usually inhibitory (GABA), typically near soma and axon hillock

Question 7

How do you calculate the PSP distance along the dendrite?

Answer 7

Vx = Vo/(ex/lambda)

Question 8

What is temporal summation?

Answer 8

PSPs from same synapse occurring rapidly after each other​

Question 9

What is spatial summation?

Answer 9

PSPs from different synapses across cell at same time

Question 10

How does the length constant change when the membrane resistance is higher?

Answer 10

the electrical signal experiences less resistance to its spread along the neuron’s membrane, allowing it to propagate over a longer distance

Question 11

How does the length constant change when the intracellular resistance?

Answer 11

it hinders the spread of electrical signals along the neuron’s membrane, resulting in a reduced length constant

Question 12

What is unique about excitable dendrites?

Answer 12

help propagate EPSPs toward soma & initiation zone​ and can allow for Backpropagating AP​ to travel back from axon through dendrite​

Question 13

What are the effects of mutations in sodium channels?

Answer 13

can lead to increased neuronal excitability, making individuals more prone to seizures.

Question 14

What are the effects of mutations in potassium channels?

Answer 14

Mutations in potassium channel genes can disrupt the resting membrane potential of neurons and regulating their excitability

Question 15

What are the effects of mutations in calcium channels?

Answer 15

Mutations in channel subunits can lead to abnormalities in calcium ion influx leading to increased neurotransmitter release

Question 16

How do antiporters work?

Answer 16

active transporters because they move substrates against their concentration gradients, from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration

Question 16

How do symporters work?

Answer 16

The molecule or ion is transported along its concentration gradient, and this movement provides the energy needed to move the other substrates against their concentration gradients.

Question 17

What is an example of an ATPase pump

Answer 17

sodium potassium pump

Question 18

What is a pore loop?

Answer 18

short polypeptide segments that form ion channel selectivity filter for amino acids and size

Question 19

What is an Ach Transporter?

Answer 19

H+ antiporter that loads acetylcholine

Question 20

What is Acetylcholinesterase​?

Answer 20

Acetic acid and choline that breaks down acetylcholine​

Question 21

How can we tell what type of channel is present in the membrane patch?​

Answer 21

Change the concentration of ions

Question 22

What are thermosensitive ion channels?

Answer 22

Trp channels that measure heat and pain

Question 23

What are mechanosensitive ion channels?

Answer 23

Trp and Peizo channels which are stretch receptors, tactile receptors (touch), auditory hair cells

Question 24

What is distinct about electrical synapses?

Answer 24

Connexin proteins allow for bi-directional flow from cytosol to cytosol