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Question 1

Conceptualization

Answer 1

is the process of precisely defining ideas and turning them into variables.

Question 2

Operationalization

Answer 2

researcher specifies how a concept will be measured

Question 3

nominal

Answer 3

It takes qualitative values representing different categories, and there is no intrinsic ordering of these categories.
Ex. Eye color, race, gender

Question 4

ordinal

Answer 4

falls into categories
ex. agree or disagree

Question 5

Interval/ratio

Answer 5

ranked and ordered

Question 6

A spurious relationship

Answer 6

arises because two things are both affected by a third factor and thus appear to be related

Question 7

Kuhns scientific paradigms

Answer 7

normal science, crisis, scientific revolution

Question 8

normal science

Answer 8

paradigms of science that are rarely questioned

Question 9

crisis

Answer 9

accumulation of anomalies

Question 10

scientific revolution

Answer 10

the replacement of an old paradigm with a new one

Question 11

what are the 11 elements of Empiricism

Answer 11

verifiable, falsifiable, tentative, knowledge, transmissible, cumulative, generalizable, explanatory, shows causality, predictive, parsimonious

Question 12

major components of empirical research

Answer 12

-Development of idea to investigate
-Hypothesis formation
-“Data” collection (must consider reliability and validity)
-interpretation & Decision
-Modification & Extension

Question 13

theory

Answer 13

body of statements that organize, explain and predict phenomena
-conceptualize social facts

Question 14

Critical Theory

Answer 14

the belief that the proper goal of science is to critique and improve society (by making it more just & humane) rather than merely understand or explain what is going on

Question 15

Conducting a Literature Review

Answer 15

Start broad, gradually move to the specific
-Only include what is relevant to your research
-Seminal work that started everything is essential
-Find articles using the same variables
-Show how past research has utilized variables that you will utilize

Question 16

6 Steps of Scientific Method

Answer 16

. Question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Observation
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion

Question 17

Antecedent Variable

Answer 17

a variable that comes before both an independent variable and a dependent variable

Question 18

Intervening Variable

Answer 18

variable that occurs closer in time to the dependent variable and is itself affected by other independent variables

Question 19

Plausibility Probe

Answer 19

qualitative case study that is not expected to provide a definitive test of the connection between a cause and an outcome, but is expected to contribute to conducting such a test in the future

Question 20

Outcomes

Answer 20

qualitative version of dependent variable

Question 21

Causes

Answer 21

qualitative version of independent variable