morning Flashcards
(7 cards)
origins of psychology
Wundt-1879-opened first lab dedicated entirely to psychological enquiry in Leipzig-marked beginning of scientific psychology separating it from broader philosophical routes. Wundt aim to analyse nature of human consciousness-first systematic attempt to study mind under controlled conditions
-try and develop theories about mental processes. eg perception.he and coworkers recorded experience of various stimuli -divide observations into three categories thoughts, images sensations.-standardised procedures
-isolating structure of consciousness=structuralism
-stimuli presented in same order, same instructions given to ppts=standardised
-s-scientific. -l-subjective data
-emergence of psychology as science-learn it
-1900s behaviourist,1950s cognitive,1980s biological.
-s-modern psychology can claim to be scientific
-l-subjective data
behaviourist approach
-studying observed and measured behaviour-not concerned with investigating mental processes of the mind because seen as irrelevant. John B Watson rejected introspection-involved too many concepts which were vague and difficult to measure.-lab studies control and objectivity. all behaviour learnt baby mind blank slate written on by experience-following Darwin basic processes that govern learning same in all species
-classical conditioning learning through association-pavlov-salivate to sound of bell
-skinner-operant-active process-humans and animals operate on environment. negative reinforcement rat press lever to avoid electric shock. punishment-unpleasant consequence of behaviour.
social learning theory
-Bandura agreed behaviour learned through experience-imitation of others
-occurs directly-through classical and operant conditioning but also indirectly
-vicarious reinforcement
-Bandura recorded behaviour young children who watched adult behave aggressively towards bobo doll-hit with hammer shouted abuse-became much more aggressive playing with toys than those who hadn’t .
-Bandura and Walters showed vid to children where adult aggressive to bobo, one group saw praised, one punished one no consequence(control) most aggression first group then third then second.
-mediational processes-mental cognitive factors involved in learning. Mental factors mediate (intervene) in learning process to decide whether new response learnt.
-attention-extent to which we notice certain behaviours
-retention-how well the behaviour is remembered
-motor reproduction-the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour.
-motivation-the will to perform the behaviour based off whether it was rewarded or punished.
-Identification-role model, imitating role model modelling
-S-Bandura said -‘learning exceedingly laborious,hazardous if people rely solely on effects of their own actions to inform them what they do. coded information serves as a guide to action. c-mirror neurone
the cognitive approach
-direct contrast to behaviourist-internal mental processes can be studied scientifically-memory perception thinking-cant be observed-inferences
-cognitive processing affected by persons belief or expectation-act as mental framework for interpretation of incoming information received by cognitive system.
-babies born with simple motor schema for innate behaviours eg sucking and grasping.schema becomes more developed and sophisticated as you get older -enable us process info quickly acts as a mental shortcut that prevents us being overwhelmed with environmental stimuli.-may distort interpretation of sensory info leading to perceptual errors.
-theoretical(abstract) and computer(concrete things) models to understand mental processes. theoretical-info processing model info flows through stores in series of stages input storage retrieval. Computer model involves putting these instructions into a computer to see if output is similar result of humans-development of thinking machines or AI.
-cognitive neuroscience-scientific study of influence of brain structures on mental processes-1960s Broca identified damage to area of frontal lobe cld permanently impair speech production
-last 25 yrs advancements in brain imaging eg PET and fMRI scientists able to systematically observe and describe neurological basis of mental processing. EG Buckner and Peterson able to show semantic and episodic on different sides prefrontal cortex.- central executive thought to reside in similar area.mental disorders parahippocampal gyrus and ocd-plays role in processing unpleasant emotions.
-now computer generated models designed to read the brain led to development of mind mapping techniques known as brain fingerprinting-future analyse brain patterns of eyewitnesses to determine if lying
the biological approach
-suggests everything psychological is at first biological.-must look to biological structures and processes within body.mind lives in brain so all thoughts feelings behaviour have physical basis.
-neurochemistry-refers to actions of chemicals in brain, much of thought and behaviour relies on chemical transmission in brain-neurotransmitters.low levels of serotonin ocd high domaine in schizophrenia.
-psychological characteristics inherited eg intelligence-concordance rate-extent at which twins share same characteristic. if genetic we expect all monozygotic twins to be concordant (share 100% of same genes)-same wouldn’t be true for dizygotic twins who share about 50% of same genes.
-genotype is actual genetic makeup whereas phenotype is way these genes expressed through psychological, behavioural physical characteristics.PKU diet and learning difficulties.
-s-psychoactive drugs
-c-compared 21 antidepressant drugs and found variation in their effectiveness-most more effective than placebos in comparative trials, but concluded effects ‘mainly modest’.
the psychodynamic approach
-conscious mind-tip of iceberg-most of mind made up of unconscious-a vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has significant influence on behaviour and personality. also contains threatening and disturbing messages that have been repressed or locked away and forgot-accessed through dreams or slip of tongue. preconscious bubbles under conscious which contains thoughts and memories which aren’t in conscious but can be accessed.
-personality ‘tripartite’-id operates on pleasure principle present at birth
-ego reality principle-mediator-develops 2 , employs defence mechanisms.
-superego-formed at end of phallic stage-around 5.based on morality principle-represents moral standards of same gender parent, punishes ego for wrongdoing through guilt.
-oral 0-1 focus of pleasure mouth-mothers breast object of desire-oral fixation smoking biting nails sarcastic critical
-anal-1-3-focus of pleasure is anus child gets pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces-anal retentive perfectionist obsessive,anal expulsive thoughtless messy
-phallic-3-6 years-focus of pleasure is genetal area-phallic personality narcissistic reckless.
-latency-earlier conflicts repressed
-genital-sexual desires become conscious along onset of puberty-difficulty forming heterosexual relationships.
-defence mechanisms-unconscious and ensure ego is able to prevent us from being overwhelmed by temporary threats or traumas-repression denial displacement.
-s-explain personality development, origins of psychological disorders, moral development and gender identity, also significant in drawing attention to experiences in childhood eg relationship with parent and later development-positive impact on psychology, art,literature
-l-philosopher of science Karl popper argued approach doesnt meet scientific criterion of falsification. not open to empirical testing and possibility of being disproved. unconscious level difficult to test and case studies cant make universal claims about human behaviour.pseudoscientific(not a real science) rather than established fact.
humanistic psychology
-approaches deterministic-even cognitive approach argues we are free to choose own thoughts argue choice is constrained by limits of cognitive system.-active agents, all unique, psychology should concern itself with study of subjective experience rather than establish general laws.-person centred approach.
-maslow-what motivates people-hierarchy of needs which motivate behaviour-primary goal self actualisation-number of other deficiencies must be met
-physiological needs, safety and security,love and belongingness, self esteem, self actualisation
-self actualisation-most people have desire to achieve full potential.four lower levels are deficiency needs, SA is growth need, applies to early development where baby focused on physiological needs . personal growth essential part of what it is to be human-concerned with developing and changing as a person to become fulfilled satisfied and goal orientated.
-rogersrogers-for personal growth to be achieved concept of self(how they see themselves) must be in congruence with ideal self (what they want to be). too big a gap incongruence no self actualisation because of negative feelings of self worth. rogers client centred therapy to help people cope with problems of everyday life. many issues we experience as adults eg negative self esteem and worthlessness have root in childhood due to lack of unconditional positive regard–I will love you if-stores psychological problems for future-rogers give unconditional positive regard.
-s-holism (subjective experience can only be understood by analysing whole person)
-s-freud common unhappiness and absolute despair-humanistic people are basically good, free to work towards the achievement of their potential and in control of their lives.
