Morphological Plan of the Pelvis and Lower Limb Flashcards by David Houghton

The femur can be separated into 3 major parts, the proximal, shaft and distal. Using the labels below, label the proximal aspect (and one part of the shaft) of the humerus:

Head 
Fovea
Neck
Pectineal line (spiral)
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest & line
Trochanteric fossa
Gluteal tuberosity

1 - Neck 
2 - Trochanteric fossa
3 - Greater trochanter (laterally)
4 - Head
5 - Intertrochanteric crest & line
6 - Lesser trochanter (medially)
7 - Fovea
8 - Pectineal line (spiral)
9 - Gluteal tuberosity

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The femur can be separated into 3 major parts, the proximal, shaft and distal. Using the labels below, label the distal aspect (and one part of the shaft) of the humerus:

Linea aspera
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
Adductor tubercle
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral condyle

1 - Linea aspera
2 - Adductor tubercle
3 - Medial epicondyle
4 - Lateral epicondyle
5 - Lateral condyle
6 - Intercondylar fossa
7 - Medial condyle

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When we look at the greater and lesser trochanters, which is a trochanter of the femur for an attachment site, which is lateral and which is medial?

greater = superior and laterally

- lesser = inferior and medially

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Condyle which comes from ancient greek meaning knuckle are parts of bones, that generally come in pairs. What is the purpose of condyles on bones?

1 - act as a articulation site for bone to bone
2 - acts as attachments site for ligaments
3 - acts as attachment site for muscle
4 - acts as attachment site for fibrocartilaginous structures

1 - act as a articulation site for bone to bone

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The femur has a medial and lateral pair of condyles and epicondyles. What is the difference between the 2?

epi = above
condyles = act as articulation sites and part of joint
epicondyles = non-articulating sites and ligament and muscle attachment sites

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Label the proximal tibia using the labels below:

Intercondylar eminence & tubercles 
Medial condyles
Lateral condyles
Articular surfaces (menisci)
Tibial tuberosity
Gerdy’s tubercle 
Soleal line
Tibia shaft
Medial malleus

1 - Intercondylar eminence & tubercles 
2 - Lateral condyles
3 - Gerdy’s tubercle 
4 - Tibial tuberosity
5 - Medial condyles
6 - Tibia shaft
7 - Articular surfaces (menisci)
8 - Soleal line
9 - Medial malleus (formed by the fibula)

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Label the fibula using the labels below:

Lateral malleolus 
Apex
Groove Fibularis longus & brevis tendons 
Neck 
Fibula shaft
Head

Label the fibula using the labels below:

1 - Apex
2 - Head
3 - Neck
4 - Fibula shaft
5 - Lateral malleolus 
6 - Groove Fibularis longus & brevis tendons

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The neck of the fibula has important clinical relevance if it is fractured. Why is this important?

1 - strongest weight bearing bone in lower limb
2 - common fibula nerve runs around the fibula neck
3 - sciatic nerve runs around the neck
4 - common fibula artery runs around the neck

common fibula nerve runs around the fibula neck

- common fibula nerve can be damaged causing foot drop

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Label the proximal and intermediate bones and bony features of the foot, also referred to as the tarsus using the labels below:

Talus
Calcaneus
Talar shelf (sustentaculum tali)
Medial, Intermediate, Lateral cuneiform bones
Medial tubercle
Lateral tubercle
Fibular trochlea 
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones:

Label the proximal and intermediate bones and bony features of the foot, also referred to as the tarsus using the labels below:

1 - Talus
2 - Navicular
3 - Medial, Intermediate, Lateral cuneiform bones
4 - Cuneiform
5 - Cuboid
6 - Lateral tubercle
7 - Medial tubercle
8 - Calcaneus
9 - Fibular trochlea 
10 - Talar shelf (sustentaculum tali)

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Label the distal bones of the foot using the labels below:

Metatarsals
Phalanges
Parts of phalanges Proximal, Middle and Distal

1 - Parts of phalanges Proximal, Middle and Distal
2 - Phalanges
3 - Metatarsals

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The lower limbs can be divided into 3 regions. What are the 3 regions of the lower limbs?

1 - gluteal
2 - thigh
3 - leg

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Each of the lower limbs can be divided into 3 regions (gluteal, thigh and leg). Each region can then be further subdivided into compartments by what?

1 - bones
2 - tendons
3 - ligaments
4 - deep fascia called septa

4 - deep fascia called septa

septa just means a wall dividing compartments
separates groups of muscles

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There are specific locations in the lower limb where blood vessels and neurovascular are able to pass through, which are called channels or conduits. There are 3 in the lower limbs. label them in the image below using the labels:

popliteal fossa
tarsal tunnel
femoral triangle

1 - femoral triangle
2 - popliteal fossa
3 - tarsal tunnel

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Each of the lower limbs can be divided into 3 regions (gluteal, thigh and leg). All regions posses 2 layers of fascia. What are these 2 layers called?

1 - superficial fascia

2 - deep fascia

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The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. Gluteus muscles are contained within this compartment and there are 3 gluteal muscles. What are they called?

1 - Gluteus Maximus (most superficial)
2 - Gluteus Medius
3 - Gluteus Minimus (deepest)

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The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. gluteus muscles are contained within this compartment and there are 3 gluteal muscles:

1 - Gluteus Maximus (most superficial)
2 - Gluteus Medius
3 - Gluteus Minimus (deepest)

In addition to the 3 gluteal muscles, there is an additional smaller muscle that is included in this region. What is this muscle called?

1 - iliotibial band
2 - pectineus
3 - tensor fascia lata
4 - adductor longus

3 - tensor fascia lata

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The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. Within the superficial compartment is the gluteal muscles and the tensor fascia lata. What 3 actions do the these muscles facilitate?

1 - extension of the thigh at hip joint, medial rotation, thigh abduction
2 - flexion of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction
3 - extension of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction
4 - flexion of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction

1 - extension of the thigh at hip joint, medial rotation, thigh abduction

extension of the thigh at hip joint
medial rotation of hip (femur moves outwards)
thigh abduction

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What is the origin and insertion of the gluteal maximus muscle?

origin = Iium, sacrum and coccyx, slopping across the buttock at a 45 degree angle
insertion = iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur

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What 3 movements does the gluteus maximus perform?

1 - extension of the thigh at hip joint, internal rotation, thigh abduction
2 - flexion of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction
3 - extension of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction
4 - flexion of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction

3 - extension of the thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation, thigh abduction
- humeral head moves laterally

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What nerve innervates the gluteus maximus and what 3 nerve roots does the nerve come from?

inferior gluteal nerve

- L5, S1 and S2

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What is the origin and insertion of the gluteal medius muscle?

origin = gluteal surface of the ilium

- insertion lateral surface of the greater trochanter

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What 2 movements does the gluteus medius perform?

1 - abducts the hip

2 - medially rotates the hip (head of femur turns inwards)

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What is the origin and insertion of the gluteal minimus muscle?

origin = lower gluteal ilium

- insertion = anterior side of the greater trochanter

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What 2 movements does the gluteus minimus perform?

1 - abduction of hip

2 - medially rotates the thigh (head of femur turns inwards)

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What is the origin and insertion of the tensor fasciae lata muscle?

- origin = anterior iliac crest, attaching to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - insertion = iliotibial tract, which itself attaches to the lateral condyle of the tibia

What 3 movements does the tensor fasciae lata muscle perform?

- thigh abduction - medially rotates the thigh (head of femur turns inwards) - weak hip flexion

The same nerve and nerve roots innervate the gluteus medius minimus and tensor fascia lata. What nerve is this and what 3 nerve roots does the nerve come from?

- superior gluteal nerve | - L4, L5 and S1

The gluteus maximus blood supply and nerve innervation share the same name. What are the names of the nerve and artery?

- inferior gluteal artery | - inferior gluteal nerve

The gluteus minimus, medium and tensor fascia lata all share the same blood supply and nerve innervation share the same name. What are the names of the nerve and artery?

- superior gluteal artery | - superior gluteal nerve

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. There are 5 muscles that are included in the deep section. Label them using the label below: ``` Superior Gemellus Obturator Internus Inferior Gemellus Piriformis Quadratus Femoris ```

``` 1 - Piriformis 2 - Superior Gemellus 3 - Inferior Gemellus 4 - Obturator Internus 5 - Quadratus Femoris ```

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. There are 5 muscles that are included in the deep section, below: ``` Superior Gemellus Obturator Internus Inferior Gemellus Piriformis Quadratus Femoris ``` What are the 2 major movements this group of muscles performs?

- abduction of the flexed thigh | - laterally rotate the extended thigh

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. The Piriformis is one of the muscles of the deep layer. What are the origin and insertion points?

- origin = surface of the sacrum | - insertion = greater trochanter (lateral) of the femur

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. The Piriformis is one of the muscles of the deep layer. What is the nerve innervation and what nerve roots does it begin at? 1 - superior gluteal nerve L4, L5, S1 2 - inferior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2 3 - nerve to piriformis, S1-S2 4 - obturator internus nerve L5, S1

3 - nerve to piriformis, S1-S2

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. The Gemellus Inferior is one of the muscles of the deep layer. What are the origin and insertion points of this muscle?

- origin - ischial tuberosity | - insertion = greater trochanter of the femur

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. The gemellus superior is one of the muscles of the deep layer. What are the origin and insertion points?

- originates from the ischial spine | - insertion = greater trochanter of the femur

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. The obturator internus is one of the muscles of the deep layer. What are the origin and insertion points?

- origin = deep surface of obturator membrane | - insertion = greater trochanter of the femur

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. The quadratus femoris is one of the muscles of the deep layer. What are the origin and insertion points?

- origin = lateral side of the ischial tuberosity | - insertion = intertrochanteric crest

The superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, obturator internus and quadratus femoris are all deep muscles of the gluteal region. All 4 of these muscles share the same nerve innervation. What is the nerve and what nerve routes to they originate from? 1 - obturator internus nerve, L5 and S1 2 - obturator externus nerve, L5 and S1 3 - inferior gluteal nerve, L5 and S2 4 - superior gluteal nerve, L4 and S1

1 - obturator internus nerve, L5 and S1

The superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, obturator internus and quadratus femoris are all deep muscles of the gluteal region. All 4 of these muscles share the same nerve innervation, the obturator internus nerve, L5 and S1. All 4 of these muscles perform the same action. What action is this? 1 - medially rotates the hip 2 - laterally rotates the hip 3 - hip extension 4 - hip flexion

2 - laterally rotates the hip | - head of femur moves laterally

The gluteal region of the lower limbs possess a superficial and deep compartment. There are 5 muscles that are included in the deep section, below: ``` Superior Gemellus Obturator Internus Inferior Gemellus Piriformis Quadratus Femoris ``` Which artery provides a blood supply for all of these muscles? 1 - inferior gluteal artery 2 - superior gluteal artery 3 - obturator artery 4 - femoral artery

1 - inferior gluteal artery

What is the largest and most superficial muscle of the gluteal compartment that overlies the other muscles?

- gluteus maximus

What is the Trendelenburg test?

- physical assessment for hip dysfunction - assesses hip abduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkSTr7K-eAo

The Trendelenburg test is a physical assessment for hip dysfunction that assesses hip abduction. What are the key muscles involved?

- gluteus medius and minimus | - can see muscles contract to abduct the femur at the hip

- no - right side contract more for the abduction - BUT left side contracts pulling the hip laterally to stabilise the hip joint

- patient stands/walks and one side of the hip drops - if standing/walking on left leg, left sided weakness causes the right side of hip to drop as right side abduction cannot maintain hip stability - if standing/walking on right leg, left sided weakness causes the left side of hip to drop as left side abduction cannot maintain hip stability

The Trendelenburg test is a physical assessment for hip dysfunction that assesses hip abduction, generally assessing gluteus minimus and medius. When we abduct the right femur at the hip like when we walk, the left hip abductors must stabilise the hip and stop the hip from dropping to the right (essentially try to rotate the left hip laterally). The gluteus minimus and medius as the muscles that are affected that causes a positive test. But which nerve can be impaired? 1 - superior gluteal nerve L4, L5, S1 2 - inferior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2 3 - nerve to piriformis, S1-S2 4 - obturator internus nerve L5, S1

1 - superior gluteal nerve L4, L5, S1

The sciatic nerve passes through the greater sciatic foreman. What muscle if inflamed or damaged can cause sciatica pain as it is in very close proximity the greater sciatic foreman? 1 - obturator internus 2 - obturator externus 3 - adductor brevis 4 - piriformis

- pififormis

The hip flexors are not located within a compartment as they do not arise from the abdominal wall. What are the 2 key muscles of the hip flexors?

- iliacus | - psoas major

There are 2 key muscles that make up the hip flexors, the iliacus and the psoas major, collectively called the iliopsoas. What 2 major actions are these muscles able to perform?

- flexion of the thigh at hip joint | - flexion of the lumbar spine (if lower limb fixed)(PM)

What is the origin and insertion of the psoas major? 1 - O = T12-L4 vertebrae and I = lesser trochanter of the femur 2 - O = L2-L4 vertebrae and I = lesser trochanter of the femur 3 - O = T12-L4 vertebrae and I = greater trochanter of the femur 4 - O = T2-L4 vertebrae and I = greater trochanter of the femur

1 - O = T12-L4 vertebrae and I = lesser trochanter of the femur

What nerve innervates the psoas major? 1 - anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3 2 - anterior rami of spinal nerves T12-L4 3 - posterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3 4 - posterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L5

1 - anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3

What is the origin and insertion of the iliacus? 1 - O = ASIS and I = greater trochanter of femur 2- O = ASIS and I = lesser trochanter of femur 3 - O = Iliac fossa and I = greater trochanter of femur 4 - O = Iliac fossa and I = lesser trochanter of femur

4 - O = Iliac fossa and I = lesser trochanter of femur

What nerve innervates the iliacus and what nerve root does it originate from? 1 - femoral nerve, L1-L5 2 - obturator nerve, L2-L4 3 - femoral nerve, L2-L4 4 - sciatic nerve, L2-L4

3 - femoral nerve, L2 - L4

The iliacus and the psoas major make up the hip flexors. What blood vessels supply these muscles?

- lumbar arteries - external iliac artery - femoral artery - iliolumbar artery

There are 3 compartments of the thigh. What are their names?

1 - anterior 2 - posterior 3 - medial

The thigh can be divided into 3 regions, anterior, posterior and medial. The anterior muscles can be seen below. Using these labels, label the image: ``` Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis Vastus Intermedius Rectus Femoris Sartorius ```

``` 1 = Sartorius 2 = Vastus Medialis 3 = Rectus Femoris 4 = Vastus Intermedius 5 = Vastus Lateralis ```

What is the main action of 3 of the quadricep muscles, Vastus Medialis, Lateralis and Intermedius? 1 - extension of the knee 2 - extension of the hip 3 - flexion of the knee 4 - flexion of the hip

1 - extension of the knee

Which 2 muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are able to extend the knee and flex the thigh at the hip joint? 1 - Vastus Medialis and Lateralis 2 - Vastus Intermedius and Sartorius 3 - Vastus Medialis and Rectus Femoris 4 - Rectus Femoris and Sartorius

4 - Rectus Femoris and Sartorius | - both originate from the hip and into the thigh, so if they contract they flex the hip

What is the origin of the vastus lateralis? 1 - greater trochanter 2 - greater trochanter of femur and lateral lip of linea aspera (femur) 3 - lesser trochanter 4 - intertrochanteric line

2 - greater trochanter of femur and lateral lip of linea aspera (femur)

What is the origin of the vastus medialis? 1 - greater trochanter 2 - greater trochanter of femur and lateral lip of linea aspera (femur) 3 - lesser trochanter 4 - medial aspect of intertrochanteric line

4 - medial aspect of intertrochanteric line

What is the origin of the vastus intermedius? 1 - upper 2/3rds pf femur 2 - greater trochanter of femur and lateral lip of linea aspera (femur) 3 - lesser trochanter 4 - medial aspect of intertrochanteric line

1 - upper 2/3rds pf femur

What is the origin of the rectus femoris? 1 - upper 2/3rds pf femur 2 - greater trochanter of femur and lateral lip of linea aspera (femur) 3 - anterior inferior iliac spine 4 - medial aspect of intertrochanteric line

3 - anterior inferior iliac spine

Where do all 4 quadricep muscles insert into? 1 - medial condyle of tibia 2 - quadriceps femoris tendon 3 - medial epicondyle of femur 4 - lateral epicondyle of femur

2 - quadriceps femoris tendon

What is the nerve (with nerve roots) and blood supply that all 5 muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh share? ``` Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medius Rectus Femoris Sartorius ``` 1 - femoral nerve, L1-L5, femoral artery 2 - obturator nerve, L2-L4, femoral artery 3 - femoral nerve, L2-L4, femoral artery 4 - sciatic nerve, L2-L4, femoral artery

3 - femoral nerve, L2-L4, femoral artery

The thigh can be divided into 3 regions, anterior, posterior and medial. The medial muscles can be seen below. Using these labels, label the image: ``` Obturator externus (not shown on image) Gracilis Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus ```

``` 1 = Adductor Longus 2 = Adductor Brevis 3 = Adductor Magnus 4 = Gracillus ```

What is the origin and insertion of the gracilis muscle? 1 - O = pubis and the body of the pubis, I = medial surface of tibia 2 - O = inferior rami of pubis and body of the pubis, I = medial surface of fibula 3 - O = inferior rami of pubis and body of the pubis, I = medial surface of tibia 4 - O = superior rami of pubis and the body of the pubis, I = medial surface of tibia

3 - O = inferior rami of pubis and body of the pubis, I = medial surface of tibia

What is the origin and insertion of the adductor longus? 1 - O = pubis and I = linea aspera of the femur 2- O = pubis and I = medial epicondyl of the femur 3 - O = ischium and I = linea aspera of the femur 4 - O = pubis and I = medial condyle of tibia

1 - O = pubis and I = linea aspera of the femur

What is the origin and insertion of the adductor brevis? 1 - O = pubis and I = linea aspera of the femur 2- O = pubis and I = medial epicondyl of the femur 3 - O = ischium and I = linea aspera of the femur 4 - O = body of pubis and I = linea aspera on posterior surface of femur

4 - O = body of pubis and I = linea aspera on posterior surface of femur

What is the origin and insertion of the adductor magnus? 1 - O = pubis and I = linea aspera of the femur 2- O = pubis and I = medial epicondyl of the femur 3 - O = inferior rami and I = linea aspera of the femur 4 - O = body of pubis and I = linea aspera on posterior surface of femur

3 - O = inferior rami and I = linea aspera of the femur

The adductor longus, brevis and magnus are all muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. What movement do these muscles facilitate? 1 - adducts and medially rotates (femur turns inwards) thigh at hip joint 2 - abducts and medially rotates (femur turns inwards) thigh at hip joint 3 - adducts and laterally rotates (femur turns inwards) thigh at hip joint 4 - abducts and laterally rotates (femur turns inwards) thigh at hip joint

1 - adducts and medially rotates (femur turns inwards) thigh at hip joint

The gracillus is a muscles of the medial thigh compartment. What 2 movements does this muscles facilitate? 1 - abduction of the thigh and flexion of the leg at knee joint 2 - adduction of the thigh and flexion of the leg at knee joint 3 - adduction of the thigh and extension of the leg at knee joint 4 - adduction of the thigh and flexion of the hip

2 - adduction of the thigh and flexion of the leg at knee joint

The following muscles are all from the medial compartment of the thigh. Which nerve and nerve root innervates them all? ``` Gracilis Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus Obturator externus ``` 1 - femoral nerve, L1-L5 2 - obturator nerve, L2-L4 3 - femoral nerve, L2 and L4 4 - sciatic nerve, L2-L4

2 - obturator nerve, L2-L4

What is the main blood supply to the medial compartment of the thigh? 1 - obturator artery 2 - femoral artery 3 - tibial artery 4 - pudendal artery

1 - obturator artery

Which muscle of the medial compartment is almost able to transcend across 2 compartment, as it has a adduction function and a hamstring function? 1 - gracillus 2 - adductor longus 3 - adductor brevis 4 - adductor magnus

4 - adductor magnus | - largest muscle of the medial compartment

The pectinous is a muscle that is part of the medial thigh compartment. Where does this muscle originate and insert? 1 - O = pubis and I = pectineal line (spiral) on femur 2 - O = ischium and I = pectineal line (spiral) on femur 3 - O = pectineal line on pubis and I = pectineal line (spiral) on femur 4 - O = ASIS and I = pectineal line (spiral) on femur

3 - O = pectineal line on pubis and I = pectineal line (spiral) on femur

The pectinous is a muscle that is part of the medial thigh compartment. However, it is innervated by the same nerve and nerve root as the anterior compartment muscles. What nerve is this? 1 - femoral nerve, L1-L5 2 - obturator nerve, L2-L4 3 - femoral nerve, L2 and L4 4 - sciatic nerve, L2-L4

3 - femoral nerve, L2 and L3

The thigh can be divided into 3 regions, anterior, posterior and medial. The posterior muscles can be seen below. Using these labels, label the image: Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris

1 - Biceps femoris 2 - Semitendinosus 3 - Semimembranosus

What is the origin and insertion of the Semimembranosus muscle? 1 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial condyle on tibia 2- O = pubis and I = medial condyle on tibia 3 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = lateral condyle on tibia 4 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial condyle on fibula

1 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial condyle on tibia

What is the origin and insertion of the Semitendinosus muscle? 1 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial condyle on tibia 2- O = pubis and I = medial condyle on tibia 3 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = lateral condyle on tibia 4 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial surface on tibia

4 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial surface on tibia

What is the origin and insertion of the bicep femoris muscle? 1 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial condyle on tibia 2- O = pubis and I = medial condyle on tibia 3 - O = ischial tuberosity and linea aspera and I = head of fibula 4 - O = ischial tuberosity and I = medial surface on tibia

3 - O = ischial tuberosity and linea aspera and I = head of fibula

All 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh (seen below) originate from where? Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris

- ischial tuberosity

The semimembranosus and semitendinosus both perform the same actions. What are they? 1 - flex leg at knee, extend thigh at hip, medially rotate thigh 2 - extend leg at knee, extend thigh at hip, medially rotate thigh 3 - flex leg at knee, flex thigh at hip, medially rotate thigh 4 - flex leg at knee, extend thigh at hip, laterally rotate thigh

1 - flex leg at knee, extend thigh at hip, medially rotate thigh - medially rotation at the thigh means the femoral head rotates inwards

Like the semimembranosus and semitendinosus the biceps femoris flexes the leg at the knee, but instead of medially rotating the thigh at hip joint and leg at knee joint, it does what?

- laterally rotates the leg at the knee joint

The same nerve and nerve roots innervates all 3 muscles of the posterior compartment (semimembranosus and semitendinosus, biceps femoris). What is thid nerve and the nerve roots? 1 - femoral nerve, L1-L5 2 - obturator nerve, L2-L4 3 - femoral nerve, L2 and L3 4 - sciatic nerve, L5-S2

4 - sciatic nerve, L5-S2 - semimembranosus and semitendinosus = fibular branch = biceps femoris = tibial branch

What are the 2 main arteries that supply the posterior compartment of the thigh? 1 - femoral and profundus femoris arteries 2 - obturator and femoral arteries 3 - obturator and tibial arteries 4 - obturator and profundus femoris arteries

4 - obturator and profundus femoris arteries - obturator artery (posterior division) - profundus femoris (branches of the femoral artery)

The femoral triangle is a conduit/channel that allows important structures to pass through. The mnemonic SAIL can be used to remember the lateral, medial and superior borders. What are the 3 structures that make up the lateral, medial and superior borders? 1 - sartorius muscle, adductor longus, inguinal ligament 2 - sartorius muscle, adductor brevis, inguinal ligament 3 - sartorius muscle, adductor magnus, inguinal ligament

1 - sartorius muscle, adductor longus, inguinal ligament - S = sartorius - A = adductor longus - IL = inguinal ligament

The femoral triangle is a conduit/channel that allows important structures to pass through. The mnemonic SAIL can be used to remember the lateral, medial and superior borders. - S = sartorius - A = adductor longus - IL = inguinal ligament PIC can be used to identify the remaining floor and roof borders. What are the remaining roof and floor borders? 1 - Pectineus, iliacus, Cribriform 2 - Pectineus, Iliopsoas, Cribriform 3 - Psoas, iliacus, Cribriform 4 - Psoas, Iliopsoas, Cribriform

2 - Pectineus, Iliopsoas, Cribriform | - Cribriform also known as fascia lata

The femoral triangle is a conduit/channel that allows important structures to pass through. There are 4 main things that pass through. Using the mnemonic NAVL, which also signifies the order of the contents from lateral to medial, what passes through the triangle?

- N = femoral Nerve - A = femoral Artery - V = femoral Vein - L = lymphatics

The femoral triangle is a conduit/channel that allows important structures to pass through. In addition to the femoral nerve, vein and artery that pass through the femoral triangle, there is also another vein that is able to pass through an opening in the fascia lata. What is this vein called? 1 - pectinous vein 2 - great saphenous vein 3 - tibial vein 4 - obturator vein

2 - great saphenous vein

The femoral triangle is a conduit/channel that allows important structures to pass through. This is a good place for assessing which pulse? 1 - femoral 2 - renal 3 - popliteal 4 - obturator

1 - femoral

What is the name of the deep fascia of thigh?

- fascia lata

What is the weakest point of the femoral triangle and why? Good explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evlfxhT2ym4

- femoral canal most likely to herniate, called femoral hernia - contains only fat and lymph node

Pes Anserine means 'goose's foot because the tendons of 3 muscles meet at the medial proximal part of the tibia. The mnemonic Say Grace before SupperTime can help remember which muscles are involved. Which muscles make up Pes Anserine? 1 - sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus 2 - semimembranosus, gracilis and semitendinosus 3 - sartorius, gracilis and semimembranosus

1 - sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus | - important as bursa secretes synovial fluid here. Pain here can be due to bursitis

The Pes Anserine, which means 'goose's foot in the leg is the location where sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus insert on the medial proximal tibia. There is a bursa here that secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction. Pain here can be due to bursitis. What is the clinical relevance of this site?

- a site that causes chronic knee pain and weakness

Label the cutaneous nerve supply using the labels provided: ``` lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh common fibular nerve (superficial and deep branch) femoral nerve (saphenous branch) common fibular nerve tibial nerve obturator nerve posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh posterior rami (S1-S3) posterior rami (L1-L3) femoral nerve (anterior cutaneous nerves of the thigh) ```

``` 1 = obturator nerve 2 = femoral nerve (anterior cutaneous nerves of the thigh) 3 = femoral nerve (saphenous branch) 4 = lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh 5 = posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh 6 = common fibular nerve 7 = common fibular nerve (superficial branch) 8 = tibial nerve 9 = posterior rami (S1-S3) 10 = posterior rami (L1-L3) ```

The 5 main nerves of the thigh can be remembered using the mnemonic SIPPS. Label the 5 nerves in the image below using the labels provided? - S = Superior gluteal nerve - I = Inferior gluteal nerve - P = Posterior cutaneous nerve - P = Pudendal nerve - S = Sciatica nerve

``` 1 = P = Pudendal nerve 2 = P = Posterior cutaneous nerve 3 = S = Sciatica nerve 4 = S = Superior gluteal nerve 5 = I = Inferior gluteal nerve ```

What are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve? 1 - L2-L4 2 - L1-L5 3 - L1-S1 4 - L2-S1

1 - L2-L4

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve? 1 - L2-L4 2 - L1-L5 3 - L1-S1 4 - L2-S1

- L2-L4

What are the nerve roots of the superior gluteal nerve? 1 - L2-L4 2 - L1-L5 3 - L4-S1 4 - L2-S1

3 - L4-S1

What are the nerve roots of the inferior gluteal nerve? 1 - L5-S2 2 - L1-L5 3 - L4-S1 4 - L2-S1

1 - L5-S2

What are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve? 1 - L5-S2 2 - L1-L5 3 - L4-S1 4 - L2-S4

4 - S2-S4

What are the nerve roots of the sciatica nerve? 1 - L5-S2 2 - L1-L5 3 - L4-S3 4 - L2-S4

3 - L4-S3

What are the nerve roots of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh? 1 - L5-S2 2 - S1-S3 3 - S1-S2 4 - L2-S4

2 - S1-S3

The sciatica bifurcates into the tibial and common fibular nerves. What are the nerve roots of these nevres?

- tibial = L4 -S3 | - common fibular = L4 - S2

Label the arteries of the lower limb using the labels provided: ``` dorsal arch external iliac femoral popliteal dorsalis pedis anterior tibial fibula posterior tibial lateral femoral circumflex ```

``` 1 = external iliac 2 = lateral femoral circumflex 3 = femoral 4 = popliteal 5 = anterior tibial 6 = posterior tibial 7 = fibula 8 = dorsalis pedis 9 = dorsal arch ```

Morphological Plan of the Pelvis and Lower Limb Flashcards

(105 cards)