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Microbiology Morphology > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

0
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

fixation in salin > carbol fuchsin and phenol > 3% HCL and 70% alchohol (Decolorization) > Methylene (counter stain)
if Red (+) if Blue (-)
only for Mycobacterium sp. And Nocardia sp. they have waxes in their cell wall and Resist acid decolorization.

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1
Q

Gram stain

A 
Fixation > crystal violet > iodine treatment > decolonization > counterstain
if purple (+) and if pink (-)
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2
Q

Fluorescent stain

A

primery Antibody binds antigen > secondary anti-antibody with tag binds primary antibody

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3
Q

Most common agars-routine agars
1) blood agar

2) Macconkeys
3) Chocolate

A

1) 3 posible results
Alpha hemolytic- partial destruction of RBC and release hemoglobin giving the green color.
Beta hemolytic- breaks all blood cells all the way
ex; strep throat
GAMMMA- no hemolysis

2) Inhibits gram (+) only shows gram negative
selects for enterics . Also tells if lactose fermenter pink (e-coli) or notcolorless (Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

3) Fastidious organisms
–Haemophilus influenzae
–Neisseria gonorrhoeae
these the only 2 that grow on chocolate

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4
Q

Special Agar very specific
1)Buffered charcoal yeast

2) Sabouraud Dextrose
3) Lowenstein Jensen

A

1) Legionella
2) Candida albicans (fungus)
3) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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5
Q

Bio typing-Hierarchy Classification

A

Is using biochemical testing to identify certain organisms

Ex: catalase, coagulase, and Indole tests

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6
Q

Catalase test –

A

Detects presence of catalase enzyme – breaks down peroxide

Used to differentiate btw Streptococci (-) and Staphylococci (+)

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7
Q

Coagulase test

A 
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (gives a solid gel in the test tube) 
Staphylococcus aureus (+) and Staphylococci (-)
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8
Q

Indole test

A 
Enterics
differentiate ecoli (+) from other enteric bacterias
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9
Q

Oxidase test

A 
Tests for presence of enzyme cytochrome oxidase c
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (+)
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10
Q

Bacterial Ribosomes

A

30S + 50S subunits = 70S ribosome

Transcription and translation are coupled

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11
Q

Antibiotics that Inhibition Protein synthesis

ClEST

A

Tetracycline
Erthyromycin
Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin

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12
Q

Plasmids

A

Bacterial circular DNA, not needed it to live. Responsible for antimicrobial resistance
More common in gram (-)

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13
Q

Quinolones

A

Antibiotics inhibiting Bacterial DNA
In gram negative bacteria it inhibits DNA gyrase, unable to pack DNA into cell
-Specific for bacterial DNA gyrase

In gram positive bacteria
-Inhibition of topoisomerase IV

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Made out of a Lipid bilayer
No sterols ( cholesterols with alcohol) Exception - Mycoplasma
Regulates transport
Has Mesosome
-Invagination where DNA binds to replicate
-Segregation of chromosomal DNA into daughter cells

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15
Q

Bacteria lacking cell wall

A

These bacterias are not visible on gram stain
Mycoplasma-Sterols in membrane

Chlamydia/Chlamydophila-Tissue culture

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16
Q

peptidoglycan

A 
Found in bacterial cell wall
Made out of NAG_NAM_NAG_NAM
NAG=N-acety glucosomine
NAM=N acetyl Muramic Acid
Thick in Gram (+) bacteria
Its highly polar and hydrophilic, can be digested by lysozyme (bactericidal) in gram (-) bacteria
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17
Q

Penicillin Binding Proteins

A

Enzymes that cross-link amino acids-(needed for the bacterial cell wall)
Ex: Transpeptidases and Carboxypeptidases
They both are targets for action of penicillins and other beta-lactams

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18
Q

Vancomycin

A

Blocks D-alanine so it can’t cross link. Vancomycin restart bacteria change the D alanine to D-Lactate

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19
Q

Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid are found in what type of bacteria?

A

Gram positive

They are used by our immune system to target these bacterias

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20
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Endotoxins found in gram (-) bacteria

Made out of an O antigen, a core, and Lipid A

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21
Q

O antigen

A

Is exposed to the external environment
Is a liner polysaccharide 50- 100 repeating units each unit has 4-7 sugars
Can be antigenic

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22
Q

LPS Core

A

The space btw O antigen and Lipid A

Contains unusual sugars

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23
Q

Lipid A

A

Is the toxic portion of the LPS

It causes septic shock (sepsis)

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24
Outer membrane of bacteria
Only in gram (-) Has Channels for passive diffusion called porins Attachment site for -bacteriophage Inner membrane is similar to membrane of gram-positive organisms
25
Porins
Are channels for passive diffusion found in the outer membrane of bacteria. They Restricts entry by size (Important in antimicrobial choice for ex: Vancomycin is too large to enter) May restrict antiseptics or disinfectants that act on cell memB However they Permit entry of hydrophilic molecules
26
Periplasmic space
The space btw the outer cell memB and the peptoglycan wall It contains degradative enzymes Enzymes that inactivate antibiotics ex: Beta-lactamase And "binding proteins”
27
Beta-lactamase
Numerous (more than 200) enzymes that cleaves beta lactam ring Ex: -Penicillinases. -Cephalosporinases and -ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases)
28
Mechanisms of beta lactam resistance
Gram (+) - failure of drug to bind the PBS - beta-lactamases hydrolyze the drug Gram (-) - drug fails to cross outer memB - failure of drug to bind the PBS - beta-lactamases hydrolyzes the drug
29
Lysozme
Bactericidal breaks NAG_NAM bond Gram + are sensitive Gram – are resistant (because the outer membrane protects the gram (-))
30
Capsules
A protective layer (from phagocytosis, environmental changes, dehydration) over the bacteria. Also helps in adherence Composition varies among species In most species its made out of polysaccharides In Anthrax its made out of amino acid its antigenic, and it's used in vaccines Small Capsule-Slime layer/Glycocalyx- causes cavities loosely adherent and non uniform in dinsity or thickness
31
Encapsulated Organisms
``` All these cause meningitis in babies Streptococcus pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae Haemophilius influenzae type b Neisseria meningitidis Escherichia coli K1 ```
32
Biofilm
Bacteria that stick together In teeth and implants and stuff you put in like catheters. Major issue for hip implants.
33
Flagella
- Composed of flagellin (long, hollow helical filaments) - used for motility, chemotaxis - Are antigenic - -Classification – Enterics H antigen - --E. coli O157:H7
34
Types of flagella
1- monotrichous (one) 2- amphitrichous (one on each side) 3- iophotrichous (many on one side) 4- peritrichous (many everywhere)
35
Pili (Fimbriae)
-Pilin proteins --Common pili – adhesion --Sex pili – bacterial conjugation -Virulence factor -Mostly gram-negatives -Antigenic variation (thats why we can't use them in vaccines) Example Escherichia coli Neisseria gonorrhoeae Females have a lot of UTI and cranberry juice helps
36
Sporulation
When the bacteria goes through harsh conditions they form spores The location of the spore maybe used in ID Only two can form Spores -Bacillus sp.-Aerobic-Gram-positive rod -Clostridium sp.-Anaerobic-Gram-positive rod
37
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Started the Spontaneous generation debate | found little animalcules
38
Dr. Jenner
Vaccination
39
Semmelweis
Childbed fever | Antiseptic use
40
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Contagious disease
41
Lister
Antiseptic surgery
42
Pasteur
``` Pasteurization Wine Parasitic disease Silkworms Spontaneous generation debunked Attenuation - Rabies vaccine Dogs People - 1885 Pasteur Institute in Paris ```
43
Koch
1 organism = 1 disease ex: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax Took pictures of anthrax, tuberculosis organisms Discovered causes of tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, tetanus, glanders, lobar pneumonia won Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 1905 Developed postulates
44
Koch’s Postulates
a bacterium is Present in every case of disease, absent in healthy organisms Isolate and grow organism Inoculate new host and get same disease Re-isolate same organism from new host
45
Molecular postulates
Gene or product in virulent strains but not avirulent ones Disruption of gene disrupts virulence Introduction of gene into avirulent strain induces virulence Gene is expressed while in host Antibodies to gene product are protective
46
Attenuation
Vaccination – chicken cholera Pasteur used Koch’s Postulates Becomes less deadly
47
Paul Ehrlich
Chemotherapy of Syphilis Treatment – 1910 Researcher in Koch’s lab Tried 606 compounds Arsenic derivative Took to London, Fleming used
48
Alexander Fleming
discovered Penicillin
49
Legionella pneumophilia
Legionnaire’s Disease shows pneumonia tested by Buffered charcoal yeast
50
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
51
Streptococcus pyogenes
Necrotizing fasciitis
52
Bartonella henselae
cat-scratch disease | and bacillary angiomatosus (in Immuno compromised people)
53
Klebsiella pneumoniae
mucoidal growth – encapsulated
54
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram (-) Oxidase test (+) Green color Fruity Grape oder
55
Mycoplasma
Lack a cell wall Can not gram stain Sterols are found in cytoplasmic membrane
56
Mycobacterium
``` Doesn't gram stain Need acid fast staining Cell wall has waxes Pigmented growth Mycobacterium tuberculosis can grow on a special ager Lowenstein Jensen ```
57
Proteus
Swarming
58
Bacillus sp.
Aerobic Gram-positive rod Forms spores
59
Clostridium sp.
Anaerobic Gram-positive rod Can form spores

Microbiology Morphology (2 decks)

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